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Personalized neoantigen vaccines offer the potential to boost immune response a patient against their specific cancer antigens. Here, Katsikis, Ishii and Schliehe discuss the challenges that currently limit this therapeutic approach, including those related to neoantigen selection and adjuvants, and post-vaccine challenges such as the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. Moreover, they consider solutions that could help to overcome these obstacles.
The MHC class I-related protein 1 (MR1) presents specific small molecule antigens to MR1-restricted T (MR1T) lymphocytes. These cells play an important role in infection and cancer, and strategies to target these cells are of considerable therapeutic interest. In this Review, McWilliam and Villadangos provide a comprehensive description of the antigen presentation pathway of MR1, which is fundamental for the understanding of MR1-mediated immunity and the potential therapeutic manipulation of MR1T cells.
The protective effect of vaccines is often poorest in low-income countries. Here, the authors explore the immunological factors that may explain the geographical variation in vaccine responsiveness and the ways in which they might be modulated to ensure effective vaccination in regions where it is needed most.
The families of tetraspanins and galectins are essential for the organization of molecules on the surface of lymphocytes, and deficiencies in specific family members can lead to impaired immunity, tumour development and autoimmunity. This Review investigates the molecular mechanisms of membrane organization by tetraspanins and galectins, specifically their role in B cell and T cell proliferation, survival and migration, as well as in antibody production and T cell polarization, and discusses potential therapeutic opportunities.
This Review discusses how the study of novel mouse models of human ADAR1 deficiency has led to the identification of the innate immune receptors recognizing endogenous immunostimulatory double-stranded RNA and their respective downstream signalling pathways that induce autoinflammatory pathology.
This Review covers the biology of anti-cytokine autoantibodies and their varied roles in causing, preventing and treating diseases. Recent reports of anti-type I interferon autoantibodies in critical COVID-19 have led to renewed interest in this topic, which offers fascinating insights into the reversibility of immune tolerance and the origins of autoimmunity in otherwise healthy individuals.
A new study shows that even a short-term switch to a low-fibre diet suppresses immunity to bacterial infection and compromises effector T cell responses.
Cryptosporidium are protozoan parasites that infect intestinal epithelial cells and can cause severe diarrhoeal disease, particularly in malnourished children. This Review summarizes the immune mechanisms that protect against this parasitic infection, highlighting the innate mechanisms that detect Cryptosporidium at the intestinal epithelium and the adaptive immune mechanisms that mediate resistance.
This Review provides a guide to complement and its emerging roles in processes beyond innate immune defence such as in early development, tissue immunometabolism, tissue regeneration and cancer immunity. Moreover, our improved understanding of its role in disease pathology has opened new options for complement-based therapeutics.
A study in Nature reports a lactate–HIF1α–NDUFA4L2 pathway in intestinal dendritic cells that regulates the inflammatory priming of encephalitogenic T cells.
In this Tools of the Trade article, Yury Goltsev and Garry Nolan describe a multiplexed tissue imaging technique called CODEX that enables rapid tissue staining with multiple DNA-barcoded antibodies.
Phagocytosis-mediated cell death — also known as ‘phagoptosis’ — regulates developmental processes, cell turnover and immunity to infections and cancer. Here, Brown summarizes the key molecular interactions involved in cell death by phagocytosis and the relevance of this process for host health.
Two studies in Nature describe the mechanisms that underlie allergen avoidance behaviour in mice, linking allergen sensing in the gut to a protective behavioural response to repeated ingestion of allergen.
