This Review provides an overview of the immune system of the eye at steady state and in ocular disease, and it describes the links between ocular immunology and systemic disease. It highlights the intravital imaging techniques that have provided insights into immune cell morphology and dynamics in living human eyes.

This Review discusses the different mechanisms of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infectious disease, including how antibodies can increase the pathogen load, protect bacteria from the immune system and amplify inflammation. The authors also highlight the role of autoantibodies and consider how a better understanding of ADE can be used to improve vaccines and treatments for infectious diseases.

This Review covers recent advances in our understanding of CD28 co-stimulation of T cells and discusses an emerging paradigm that positions CD28 as central to the success of current and future immunotherapeutic approaches to treating cancer.

Here, Raffatellu and co-workers discuss our growing understanding of how primary bile acids (which are cholesterol-derived molecules synthesized in the liver) and secondary bile acids (which are primary bile acids that have been microbially modified) shape immune responses in health and disease, with a particular focus on bile acids and intestinal immunity.