Awareness and understanding of gluten-related disorders (including coeliac disease and noncoeliac gluten sensitivity) has improved over the past few decades, with insights into the immunopathogenesis and genetics, as well as in serology, diagnosis, clinical features and management. These specially commissioned articles, written by key opinion leaders in the field, highlight new understanding of coeliac disease and gluten sensitivity, including pathogenesis, overlap with other autoimmune diseases, gluten-related disorders in childhood, extraintestinal manifestations, refractory disease, practical insights into a gluten-free diet and the debate around noncoeliac gluten sensitivity.