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In this Review, Cowardin, Moore and colleagues discuss advances in our understanding of environmental enteric dysfunction in the context of intestinal adaptation and the gut microbiome during pregnancy, lactation and early childhood.
Various pathways enable communication between the gut and brain, and this communication influences physiology and behaviour. Studies published in 2022 demonstrate how our understanding of several of these pathways is advancing rapidly.
Health care contributes to the climate change burden, and measures should be taken to mitigate these effects. This Perspective discusses the carbon footprint of surgery in gastroenterology and hepatology and offers an overview of sustainable strategies.
In 2022, we witnessed advances in the field of alcohol-related liver disease. Key developments included the discovery of novel proteomics-based biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets that regulate the recognition of molecules derived from gut microbiota to modulate liver injury. Additionally, there have been significant advances in refining selection for liver transplantation in severe alcohol-associated hepatitis.
2022 was a proficuous year in both the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity fields. Pharmacological treatment for obesity and NAFLD is moving forward, with the possibility of replacing bariatric surgery, artificial intelligence might help us access the histological effects of new drugs, and there were advances in personalized hepatocellular carcinoma screening in patients with NAFLD.
Intestinal gluconeogenesis (IGN) is a conserved mechanism documented in all vertebrates and it has a crucial role in energy homeostasis and metabolic processes. This Perspective provides an overview of IGN and discusses its importance in natural selection.
Key studies published in 2022 further established the importance of alterations in the gut microenvironment and interactions with the enteric and central nervous systems in symptom generation in irritable bowel syndrome and suggested novel and clinically accessible therapeutic approaches for this large group of patients.
Severe obesity in adolescents affects their health and quality of life. Currently, metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is the only effective intervention, but only a limited number of individuals undergo MBS procedures. Therefore, vigorous research in MBS is a priority for the benefit of adolescents with obesity.
This Review discusses the current and emerging therapeutic landscape for treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, including molecular-targeted monotherapies, immuno-oncology monotherapies, combination therapies and novel therapeutic approaches.
Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) are changing endoscopy and gastrointestinal surgery, including computer-assisted detection and diagnosis, computer-aided navigation, robot-assisted intervention and automated reporting. This Perspective introduces the role of AI in computer-assisted interventions in gastroenterology with insights on regulatory aspects and the challenges ahead.
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is closely associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and potentially provides unique insights into the gut–liver axis. This Review explores these links and provides an overview of the gut microbiome in PSC, including PSC–IBD, exploring related hypotheses of disease mechanisms.
Gastric and gastro-oesophageal cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide with a poor prognosis. This Review provides a comprehensive overview of current treatment strategies set on a molecular basis, and discusses future therapeutic avenues.
