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Primary bilateral macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia (PBMAH) is an adrenal cause of Cushing syndrome. This Review outlines recent progress in understanding the genetics of PBMAH.
Rare monogenic obesity is caused by pathogenic variants in single genes, while common obesity mostly has a polygenic basis. This Review discusses genetic obesity traits, the emergence of novel pharmacological treatment options that target the central melanocortin pathway and future innovative therapies.
Diabetes mellitus or obesity during pregnancy can cause fetal hypoxia, resulting in reduced fetal growth. This Review discusses the metabolic causes of fetal hypoxia in pregnancies with diabetes mellitus and/or obesity and the fetal adaptations to this oxygen deficit.
Adipocyte insulin resistance is a driving force for systemic insulin resistance. Advances in human stem cell culture have established conditions for human adipocytes that give rise to a reproducible population of adipocytes that retain a high level of insulin sensitivity, paving the way for high throughput screening approaches.
This Review outlines the occurrence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in patients who have undergone liver transplantation for prior NASH-related cirrhosis (recurrent) or other liver indications (de novo).
Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor treatment affects central regulation of appetite and satiety, which results in increased carbohydrate intake. It has now been demonstrated that these effects might be blunted by combining SGLT2 inhibitors with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists to further facilitate weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Menopause can increase the risk of diabetes mellitus, while existing diabetes mellitus can cause early menopause. This Review discusses the interaction of diabetes mellitus and the menopause, including therapeutic management strategies for both conditions.
The actions of growth hormone (GH) on growth and many other processes are well-described. This Review highlights clinical data from patients with acromegaly or GH deficiency, alongside data from cellular and animal studies, to reveal novel actions of GH in fibrosis, cardiovascular function and cancer.
This article discusses X chromosome agents of sexual differentiation. These agents could explain some of the sex differences in incidence and severity of particular diseases.
A recent study has generated compelling experimental data on the role of GPR177 and WNT5a in the pathogenesis and treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN). The clinical value of these translational findings should be interpreted with caution. However, the limited efficacy of current treatments for PDN warrants further clinical studies on these novel pathways.
This article discusses evidence for the emergence of a different set of complications associated with diabetes mellitus from the traditional ones, outlines the risks and burden of these associated complications and considers implications for the future management of diabetes mellitus.
This Review highlights evidence that persistent enterovirus infections, particularly coxsackievirus B, trigger and/or accelerate islet autoimmunity in susceptible individuals, thereby leading to type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The potential for vaccination or antiviral therapies to prevent T1DM onset is also considered.
Menopause affects roughly half of the global population, yet many affected people do not receive the treatment they need. This Review discusses currently available menopausal hormonal therapies and novel pharmaceutical alternatives to manage menopausal symptoms.
By identifying a new means of communication between endothelial cells and adipocytes, researchers provide evidence that the endothelial cells actively provoke lipid release from adipocytes to support capillary growth. This crosstalk ultimately helps to maintain metabolic health in obesity.
Stem cells in the pituitary master gland remain mystifying; moreover, they have hardly been explored in humans. A new study applied transcriptome and chromatin accessibility profiling at single-cell resolution to human postmortem pituitary glands from individuals of different ages, thereby providing insights into the heterogeneity and regulatory mechanisms of the projected human pituitary stem cell population.
Glucocorticoid therapies are widely used to treat acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, yet these drugs induce adverse metabolic effects. This Review highlights new insights into mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced diabetes mellitus and discusses current and future therapeutic options.
This Review considers the principal regulators of the processes of biomineralization and crystallization in human physiology. In addition, disorders of biomineralization are discussed, including bone disorders and disorders of extraskeletal mineralization.
Macrophages in the liver can undergo phenotypic changes during metabolic diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This Review discusses our current understanding of the changes in the proportions and functions of liver macrophage populations in health and NAFLD.
This Review discusses the role of epigenetic mechanisms in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and in the regulation of body weight in humans. How epigenetics might help the development of precision medicine is outlined.
Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing substantially in India and China. This Review discusses the epidemiology, phenotypes and pathogenesis of T2DM in India and China and evaluates options for optimal pharmacological management.
