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Graves orbitopathy has a negative impact on a patient’s quality of life. This Review provides an overview of the field and outlines the optimal management of Graves orbitopathy. The authors also highlight future research questions to direct future clinical trials.
The dominant immune cell type causing pancreatic islet inflammation in individuals with obesity and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus is the macrophage. In this Review, we focus on the characteristics of inflammation in obese or type 2 diabetes mellitus islets and the consequences of this with respect to β-cell function.
Personalized, or precision, medicine in type 2 diabetes mellitus is becoming a reality with new insights into the contributions of subgroup analyses. The roadmap to future implementation must take into account individual and subgroup variability in genetic architecture, environment, clinical measures, lifestyle, cost-effectiveness and treatment burden.
Multikinase inhibitors are effective treatments for thyroid cancers, acting primarily as antiangiogenic agents. This year, advances have been made in selective targeting of RET and BRAF in patients with medullary and anaplastic thyroid cancers, respectively. However, Hürthle cell carcinomas have a unique genomic landscape with no dominant truncal drivers, precluding simplistic approaches to therapeutic targeting.
In this Review, the authors highlight findings from genome-wide association studies and studies using various omics technologies individually to identify mechanisms of osteoporosis, which is a highly heritable condition. They also summarize current studies of data integration to understand, diagnose and inform the treatment of osteoporosis.
This Review provides an up-to-date overview of the lipolytic effects of growth hormone (GH), setting current knowledge into the context of historical data. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of GH-induced lipolysis and insulin resistance as well as the actions of GH on different adipose tissue depots and adipocyte subsets are discussed.
This Review provides an overview of the extensive crosstalk between adipocytes, resident innate immune cells and the sympathetic nerves that innervate adipose tissue, as well as the changes that occur in these secretory and signalling pathways in obesity.
Feeding is regulated by defined neuronal pathways and circulating factors that ensure homeostatic balance is maintained. However, many emotion-affective pathways are also involved in communicating positive and negative valence on feeding behaviour. In 2019, several seminal discoveries were made that illuminate the complex interaction between homeostatic and hedonic feeding control mechanisms.