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The debut of stem cell-derived islets in the clinic for glycaemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus has garnered much excitement. Ongoing research in this field guarantees to be transformative for modern treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Evidence indicates an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus after breast cancer treatment, particularly for endocrine therapy. This Review outlines the evidence for adverse metabolic effects of endocrine therapies in humans. Potential mechanisms, informed by preclinical research, for the increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus are discussed.

This Review emphasizes new insights into adipose tissue endothelial cell biology and alterations linked to obesity. In particular, studies highlighting the identification of adipose tissue endothelial cell heterogeneity, epigenetic factors, and plasticity of adipocytes and endothelial cells are presented.

This Review discusses newly discovered functions of pituitary hormones on bone, adipose tissue and the brain. Mechanisms of pituitary hormone actions on somatic organs and neural function are outlined. The role of dysregulated pituitary hormone function in multiple diseases and the potential for targeting ligands and receptors therapeutically are discussed.

Adipocytes have high levels of many components of the complement system. These components are involved in antimicrobial activities, but also have the potential to regulate the maintenance and turn-over of adipocytes under normal and pathophysiological conditions through positive and negative regulation of the membrane attack complex.

Acute inflammation triggers activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, but whether it could also impede the adrenocortical response to adrenocorticotropic hormone remains controversial. A new study using preclinical models of acute inflammation demonstrates dysregulation of energy metabolism in adrenocortical cells, resulting in oxidative stress that induces disruption of steroidogenesis.

In a new study, an ambulatory microdialysis system combined with ultrasensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry enabled the building of a 24-h high-resolution profile of adrenal steroids in the tissue by sampling interstitial fluid in 214 healthy volunteers. Daily and ultradian variations of eight free steroids, including cortisol and aldosterone, have been demonstrated, which opens new diagnostic perspectives for endocrine diseases.

Regaining weight after successful weight loss is a common problem for people with obesity. This Review discusses the potential physiological mechanisms underlying weight regain after weight loss and possible strategies to counter weight regain.

This Review discusses the key principles and uses of engineered neurobiological tools, such as optogenetics and chemogenetics. The authors discuss examples of their use in the metabolism field and highlight important points to consider when choosing an experimental technique.

This Consensus Statement, which is endorsed by the Pituitary Society, offers evidence-based graded consensus recommendations and key summary points for clinical practice on the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas.

Most women experience vasomotor symptoms during menopause, which considerably affect their quality of life. While vasomotor symptoms can be substantially reduced with menopausal hormone therapy, many women are unable or choose not to take hormone therapy. Now, studies have demonstrated that neurokinin 3 receptor antagonists have a level of effectiveness against vasomotor symptoms that is similar to that of hormone therapy.