PrimeViews

Renal cell carcinoma is a common cancer that is treated with surgery in localized cases and systemic targeted therapies in metastatic cases.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can cause acute and chronic liver inflammation — hepatitis C — and can result in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. This PrimeView focuses on the development of direct-acting antiviral agents, which have revolutionized the treatment of HCV infection.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 is caused by mutations in the NF1 tumour suppressor gene. The clinical manifestations of neurofibromatosis type 1 are highlighted in this PrimeView and can include defects in the skin, nervous system and bone.

This PrimeView highlights how a diagnosis of neuropathic pain is reached, which is important to provide appropriate treatments.

This illustrated PrimeView accompanies the Primer on narcolepsy by Kornum and colleagues, and focuses on the diagnosis and clinical manifestations of narcolepsy type 1 (also referred to as narcolepsy with cataplexy).

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor tics and at least one vocal tic. Tics have an onset in childhood and improve with increasing age. This PrimeView focuses on the clinical characteristics and the impact that GTS has on quality of life.

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is a B cell malignancy. This PrimeView focuses on the mechanisms underlying the development of CLL, including genetic alterations, B cell receptor signalling and interactions within the tumour microenvironment.

Congenital hearing loss affects up to 3 per 1,000 children; it can severely impair speech and reading skills and emotional and cognitive development. This PrimeView highlights the importance of neonatal hearing screening programmes and early diagnosis in the management of this condition.

Sheehan syndrome or postpartum hypopituitarism is a condition characterized by hypopituitarism due to necrosis of the pituitary gland. The initial insult is caused by massive postpartum haemorrhage, leading to impaired blood supply to the pituitary gland, which has become enlarged during pregnancy.

Lyme borreliosis is a tick-borne disease, caused by three genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, that can cause a distinctive skin lesion, and neurological and cardiovascular symptoms. This PrimeView focuses on the epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis.

Hookworms are soil-transmitted human parasites that can survive and multiply in the small intestine for years. This PrimeView illustrates how hookworms feed on the host's blood and focuses on their complex interactions with the host's immune system and commensal microbiota.

This PrimeView on carcinogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infection highlights the need for more reliable tests and strategies to predict cancer risk of a given HPV lesion.

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated disease characterized by cutaneous manifestations (often red, scaly plaques) and rheumatological complications (psoriatic arthritis). This PrimeView highlights the pathological mechanisms that lead to psoriatic lesions, in particular, the altered immune responses.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) can affect people of all ages and are a major cause of disability and death worldwide. The mechanisms of TBIs, including axonal injury, inflammation and vascular disturbances, are highlighted in this PrimeView.

Neuroblastoma is a neuroendocrine tumour of early childhood and results in tumours in the adrenal glands and/or sympathetic ganglia. This PrimeView focuses on the diagnosis of neuroblastoma, which encompasses laboratory tests, radiographic imaging and tumour biopsy.

Community-acquired bacterial meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges and a medical emergency. This PrimeView focuses on its mechanisms, following the bacteria as they infect the host, migrate to the bloodstream and infiltrate the cerebrospinal fluid.

This PrimeView highlights the complex nature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; it can remain latent and asymptomatic in the lungs or progress to active tuberculosis disease, which requires prolonged treatment with multiple antibiotics and has high morbidity and mortality in high-burden, resource-poor settings.

This PrimeView focuses on the mechanisms underlying the development of mitochondrial diseases, a group of genetic disorders caused by mutations in the mitochondrial or nuclear genomes that encode proteins involved in mitochondrial function.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disorder that results from a combination of risk factors, of which increasing age and obesity are the most important. This PrimeView focuses on the epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and management of OA.

Osteoporosis, which is characterized by low bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue, increases bone fragility and the risk of fractures. Half of women >50 years of age will experience an osteoporotic bone fracture during their lifetime, which has a considerable impact on quality of life.