Primers and PrimeViews

This PrimeView highlights the mechanisms of perioperative stroke, and accompanies the Primer on this topic by Fanning et al.

Perioperative stroke — that is stroke occurring during or within 30 days of surgery — is associated with poor outcomes. This Primer summarizes the epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of perioperative stroke.

This PrimeView highlights the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension, as well as discussing epidemiology, diagnosis, management and quality of life.

Pulmonary hypertension describes a group of disorders characterized by elevated mean pulmonary artery pressure. This Primer reviews the epidemiology and pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension, discusses diagnosis and management, and provides an overview of current open research questions.

This PrimeView highlights the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of central neuropathic pain, a chronic pain condition caused by lesion of damage to the central somatosensory nervous system.

Central neuropathic pain (CNP), that is, pain caused by a lesion of disease of the central somatosensory nervous system, severely impacts quality of life. In this Primer, Finnerup and colleagues review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation and diagnosis of CNP as well as discuss common therapeutic strategies and unmet clinical needs in this field.

This PrimeView highlights the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of typhoid fever as well as discuss prevention strategies and future research directions.

Typhoid fever is an invasive bacterial disease associated with bloodstream infection. This Primer summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention and management of typhoid fever. This Primer also discusses how this disease affects patients’ quality of life and suggests future research directions.

This PrimeView summarizes the pathophysiology of degenerative mitral regurgitation, a form of valvular heart disease.

This Primer summarizes the epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of degenerative mitral regurgitation. This disorder is a type of valvular heart disease and occurs when there is direct damage to the mitral valve apparatus causing mitral leaflet coaptation failure.

This PrimeView highlights mechanisms underlying IgA nephropathy and accompanies the Primer article on this topic by Stamellou et al.

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is an inflammatory disease of the glomerulus that can lead to kidney failure. In this Primer, Stamellou et al. discuss the prevalence and pathophysiological mechanisms of IgAN, summarize diagnosis and management of the disease, and provide an outlook on required future research.

This PrimeView highlights the management of scars and accompanies the Primer article on this topic by Jeschke et al.

Every injury of the skin undergoes a process known as wound healing. When wound healing is disrupted, excessive scars, such as hypertrophic scars and keloid lesions, can develop. This Primer summarizes the epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of scars, as well as discussing how scars can affect an individual’s quality of life.

This PrimeView highlights the mechanisms of cryptococcal meningitis and accompanies the Primer article on this topic by Tugume et al.

Cryptococcal meningitis affects people living with HIV and individuals who are immunosuppressed. HIV-associated disease underlies 20% of AIDS-related deaths, whereas the incidence of non-HIV cryptococcal meningitis is increasing. This Primer highlights efforts to better understand disease epidemiology and pathophysiology, and to further improve management.

This PrimeView highlights the pathophysiology of congenital lung malformations and accompanies the Primer article on this topic by Pederiva et al.

Congenital lung malformations are rare developmental anomalies of the lung that can lead to recurrent infections, pneumothorax and malignancy in some patients. This Primer summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiology and diagnosis of this disorder, and discusses current disease management and quality of life of patients.

This PrimeView highlights the epidemiology of bladder cancer and accompanies the Primer article on this topic by Dyrskjøt et al.

Urothelial bladder cancer has various pathogenic pathways and comprises distinct molecular subtypes. This Primer reviews the epidemiology of the disease with a focus on risk factors, discusses mechanisms of pathogenesis, diagnosis and management at different disease stages, and highlights patient quality of life and open research questions.