Scabies is one of the most common and highest-burden skin diseases globally. Infection by the scabies mite is highly contagious and leads to considerable morbidity. In this Primer, Fernando and colleagues summarize the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of scabies.

Non-small-cell lung cancer accounts for ~85% of lung cancers. In this Primer, Hendriks et al. summarize current knowledge and research on this malignancy, discussing its epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and management, as well as quality of life and future research directions.

In this Primer, Sayer et al. summarize current knowledge on the epidemiology of sarcopenia, and describe the mechanisms underlying this skeletal muscle disorder, as well as its diagnosis, prevention, management and impacts on quality of life.

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is defined as the loss of normal ovarian activity before the age of 40 years, and is a cause of infertility and endocrine dysfunction in women. This Primer outlines the epidemiology and pathophysiology of POI, including associated gene variants, and discusses diagnosis, management and quality of life for women with POI.

Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies are a severe group of epilepsies that usually begin in infancy or childhood. In this Primer, Scheffer and colleagues review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management and quality of life of patients with this condition, and highlight areas for future research.

Tumour lysis syndrome (TLS) is an oncological emergency characterized by extensive tumour cell breakdown, leading to the rapid release of intracellular contents into the systemic circulation. In this Primer, Howard and colleagues summarize the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of TLS.