Protein lysine methylation is an important post-translational modification of histone and non-histone proteins. In this Review, Gozani and colleagues discuss the role of protein lysine methyltransferases, the ‘writers’ of protein lysine methylation, in a range of diseases, and the progress and potential of targeting these enzymes therapeutically. They also consider the biology of lysine methyltransferases beyond epigenetic regulation as emerging targets for drug discovery.

Numerous proteins and lipids are covered in glycans, which affects the way these molecules interact. In this Review, Smith and Bertozzi discuss therapies targeting proteins that recognize glycosylation, namely the selectins and Siglecs, as well as glycan-targeted antibodies that have entered the clinic or are in development. They provide their perspectives on the future of glycobiology.

Examining B cell depletion therapy (BCDT), an approved treatment for B cell malignancies, in autoimmune conditions has provided key insights into basic B cell biology. In this Review, Gommerman and colleagues discuss BCDT in autoimmune conditions, highlighting diseases in which BCDT has been clinically effective and the potential and pitfalls for BCDT in autoimmune conditions in which it has not yet been efficacious.

Misconceptions about translation — defined as the process of turning observations in the laboratory, clinic and community into interventions that improve the health of individuals — hinder efforts to close gaps and address challenges related to the translational process. This article highlights some misconceptions with the aim of improving understanding and advancing solutions.