This Review presents a path to strategically overcoming extracellular vesicle heterogeneity and assay standardization, and offers solutions for realizing the clinical translation of extracellular vesicles for diagnostics and nanotherapeutics.

This Review explores how machine learning approaches can drive progress in nanotheranostics.

The authors propose a framework to be followed during preclinical investigation of nanomedicines to increase their translatability potential.

This Perspective highlights bottom-up molecular engineering and modular nanobiotechnological approaches for developing effective immunotherapeutics and their potential in personalized medicine.

Here, the authors present the design, molecular assembly and mechanistic insights into an organic, biomarker-activatable radiotheranostic nanoprobe for image-guided precision cancer radiotherapy with sensitivity up to a depth of 15 cm in thick tissues.

By using scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy, researchers observe layer-dependent electronic correlations in rhombohedral graphene multilayers at 77 K, revealing the layer-enhanced low-energy flat bands and interlayer interactions.

Single-molecule electrical detections clarify both productive and hidden degenerate pathways of ring-closing metathesis, and enable precise on-device synthesis of a single polymer with single-monomer-insertion-event resolution.

This study reports a fully integrated 128 × 8 optoelectronic memristor array with Si complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor circuits, featuring configurable multi-mode functionality. It demonstrates diversified in-sensor computing tasks and consumes 20 times less energy than GPUs.

The study presents a modular DNA origami-based single-molecule nanosensor that separates sensing from the signal output. It achieves high fluorescence resonance energy transfer contrast and enables tuning of the response window for improved sensor specificity, multiplexing and logic sensing.

This study presents the development of nanodrugs based on bacterial-derived outer membrane vesicles for targeted intervention in nerve–cancer crosstalk, which efficiently enhances pancreatic cancer chemotherapy.

The Nano4EARTH challenge, launched by the National Nanotechnology Initiative in the United States, has identified four strategic areas where nanotechnology can make the most impact in addressing the climate crisis.

Climate change is one of humankind’s biggest challenges, leading to more frequent and intense climate extremes, including heatwaves, wildfires, hurricanes, ocean acidification, and increased extinction rates. Nanotechnology already plays an important role in decarbonizing critical processes. Still, despite the technical advances seen in the last decades, the International Energy Agency has identified many sectors that are not on track to achieve the global climate mitigation goals by 2030. Here, a multi-stakeholder group of nanoscientists from the public, private, and philanthropic sectors discuss four high-potential application spaces where nanotechnologies could accelerate progress: batteries and energy storage; catalysis; coatings, lubricants, membranes, and other interface technology; and capture of greenhouse gases. This Comment highlights opportunities and current gaps for those working to minimize the climate crisis and provides a framework for the nanotechnology community to answer the call to action on this global issue.

The 2024 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience is awarded to three nanomedicine pioneers who laid the foundation of controlled release, biomedical imaging and diagnostics.

Light extraction is a key factor determining the efficiency of light-emitting diodes. This becomes more pronounced in high-refractive-index perovskite light-emitting diodes according to the ray-optics model. Photon recycling and microcavity effect are important ways to break through the ray-optics efficiency limit. However, these two effects are competing, that is, strategies to optimize them are mutually exclusive. For a breakthrough in efficiency, we should favour one of them and inhibit the other.

We present a Focus issue on how the research community is continually pushing the device performance boundaries of 2D transistors and explore the pivotal role that these devices play in the future computing landscape.

Driven by carbon neutral targets, proton exchange membrane water electrolysis is becoming a hot technology due to its capability to convert fluctuating power into green hydrogen. Unfortunately, despite tremendous resources invested in fundamental research, only very few research outcomes have successfully translated into the development of industrial-scale electrolysers.