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To replicate in Huh7 hepatoma cells, HCV must acquire mutations that prevent PI4KA over-activation. PI4KA-specific inhibitors promote replication of unadapted viral isolates and allow replication of patient-derived virus in cell culture.
While stimulation of TLR4 with LPS leads to an increase in glycolysis and a decrease in oxidative phosphorylation, complex microbial stimuli and the TLR2 ligand P3C induce upregulation of both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation.
Legionella pneumophila effector LepB harbours a cryptic lipid kinase domain that produces phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4)P2). Successive LepB kinase and SidF phosphatase activities are needed for the generation of PtdIns4P on the Legionella-containing vacuole.
In response to lactate exposure, Candida albicans induces masking of β-glucan, a key PAMP, via a signalling pathway involving the Gpr1 receptor and Crz1 transcription factor.
Antibiotics reduce the fraction of active ribosomes rather than slow translational elongation, a process also observed during E. coli adaptation to slow-growth conditions.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Esx-3 secretion substrate, EsxH, inhibits ESCRT function and blocks efficient antigen presentation to T cells during infection.
Dusp6-deficient mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity. Transfer of the faecal microbiota from Dusp6-deficient mice increases energy expenditure and reduces weight gain of recipient germ-free wild-type mice fed a high-fat diet.
Staphylococcus aureus produces nitric oxide to regulate bacterial respiration and maintain membrane potential in microaerophilic conditions and during colonization.
Mice made susceptible to MERS-CoV, using CRISPR–Cas9 to alter the gene encoding the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 receptor, allow efficient viral replication in the lungs and display symptoms indicative of severe acute respiratory stress.
Characterization of the genomes of the parasite Onchocerca volvulus, the causative agent of river blindness, and its Wolbachia symbiont reveals potential therapeutic targets.
A genomic comparison of 27 global isolates of Onchocerca volvulus, the agent of river blindness, elucidates its evolutionary history and reveals ancestry informative loci that can differentiate between forest, savanna and admixed isolates.
A minimal bacterial community has been defined that provides colonization resistance to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium once established in germ-free mice to a similar extent as a conventional microbial community.
The cryo-EM structure of an HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibody from an elite neutralizer reveals the fusion peptide of the envelope glycoprotein (Env) as a site of vulnerability that may be explored by future therapies.
Single-cell RNA-seq finds a pro-inflammatory M1 polarized immune response in macrophages infected with actively replicating Salmonella and an anti-inflammatory M2-like response in uninfected bystanders or cells with non-replicating bacteria.
The Aspergillus fumigatus surface protein CalA mediates pulmonary invasion by interacting with integrin α5β1 on the surface of epithelial and endothelial cells, inducing endocytosis and enhancing virulence.
Toxin–antitoxin systems mediate virulence plasmid retention at environmental temperatures; deletion of these systems may have facilitated the evolution of Shigella sonnei as a person-to-person transmissible pathogen.