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Endometriosis is a disorder in which the tissue lining of the uterus (the endometrium) is also found outside the uterus, and is associated with an increased risk of endometrioid ovarian cancer. In this issue (pages 63-70), Dinulescu and coworkers present the first genetic models of endometriosis and endometrioid ovarian adenocarcinoma, providing new avenues for insight into these diseases. The cover depicts endometrial tissue, with mucus-secreting cells in blue, secretions in pink and ciliated cells in yellow. Credit: P.M. Motta & S. Makabe/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Psoriasis develops through interactions between the skin and immune system. The cell-signaling molecule Stat3 now emerges as a bridge between the two, initiating perturbations in the epidermis and generating misguided T-cell responses (pages 43–49).
Three studies show that cells are protected against intracellular pathogens by autophagy, a process that degrades cytoplasmic components in bulk. The work may have implications for the development of vaccines against pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pyogenes and Shigella flexneri.
For decades cancer biologists have thought of oncogenes in terms of their ability to prompt tumor growth and survival, acting within the cancer cell. That viewpoint is now changing to take into account data showing that oncogenes influence inflammation. Insights now emerge from work on Ras and the proinflammatory mediator interleukin-8, produced by tumor-infiltrating immune cells.
The BCL-6 oncogene can downregulate expression of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in B cell lymphoma. This pathway probably exists to protect normal germinal-center B cells from apoptosis induced by DNA mutations.
Mutations in the clock gene Per2 influence alcohol consumption, as revealed by studies in mice and humans. In mice, this effect seems to be mediated by an excess of glutamate in the brain (pages 35–42).
New mouse models of ovarian cancer and endometriosis have been created, defining the genetic relationship between these two gynecologic diseases (pages 63–70).
Apoptosis results in the oxidation of membrane lipids on the dying cell. Newly identified oxidized lipids play a dual role: they contribute to the recognition and phagocytosis of dying cells, but may also spur antibody production and inflammation.