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A new study of the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) highlights the importance of mitochondria and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that have the enhanced potential to elicit interferon-induced gene expression.
In December, the US government approved a $2 billion increase in the budget of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) for the 2016 fiscal year. With that increase comes relief, optimism and the pressure to spend wisely.
A new study has located 'hot spots' in the rat spinal cord that are associated with leg flexion and extension in rats. Electrical stimulation applied in an alternating pattern between these hot spots facilitated locomotion after the hindlimbs were paralyzed as a result of spinal cord injury (SCI).
Altered microbial colonization associated with cesarean section (C-section) birth could potentially have adverse effects on host development. The first interventional study of its kind attempts to reconfigure the early microbiota composition in C-section–delivered newborns to resemble that associated with vaginal birth.
Drug-tolerant but initially EGFRT790M-negative tumor cells that undergo genetic evolution to acquire resistance to EGFR inhibitors are more resistant than pre-existing EGFRT790M -positive clones to subsequent therapy.
When encapsulated with alginate derivatives that resist the foreign-body response, human embryonic stem cell–derived beta cells restore long-term normoglycemia in immunocompetent mice without the need for immunosuppression.
Human beige adipocyte precursors associated with capillary networks proliferate in response to angiocrines, and when activated in vitro and transplanted into mice, they improve glucose intolerance.
Dysregulated GABA-GIRK signaling drives lateral habenula hyperactivity in mouse models of depression. Restoring GABA-GIRK signaling by treatment with a PP2A inhibitor alleviates depression-like phenotypes.
c-Met binds to and phosphorylates PARP1 in cancer cells, thereby reducing PARP1 binding to a PARP inhibitor; c-Met and PARP inhibitor combination therapy shows improved efficacy in preclinical models of breast and lung cancer.
Analysis of synergistic muscle activations during locomotion and anatomical tracing of muscle synergy representations in the rodent spinal cord guide the development of a new spinal implant for neuromodulation therapy. In multiple rodent models of spinal cord injury, spatiotemporal stimulation that mimics naturalistic muscle activation patterns promotes improved functional recovery over previously described continuous stimulation protocols.
Pulmonary fibrosis induced by repetitive chemical injury in mice involves cross talk among macrophages, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Macrophages induce expression of the Notch ligand Jag1 in pulmonary capillary endothelial cells, leading to Notch pathway activation in perivascular fibroblasts and fibrosis.
Blocking the enzyme KMO with a small molecule reduces the levels of toxic tryptophan metabolites and reduces multiple extrapancreatic organ failure in a rat model of acute pancreatitis.