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Acute lung injury elicits a profibrotic wound healing program in monocyte-derived macrophages. Their abundance is associated with pulmonary fibrosis in individuals recovering from COVID-19 pneumonia.
The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) hosted a symposium on ‘AI and Immunology: Exploring Challenges and Opportunities’. The event considered how artificial intelligence (AI) can advance research on the multi-scale, adaptive immune system to improve human health, covering basic research and clinical use cases, data and AI model fundamentals.
A novel method that recreates human intestinal organoids containing viable tissue-resident memory T cells will facilitate the exploration of tissue–immune interactions and clinically relevant immune pathologies.
The G396R coding variant in IGHG1, which encodes membrane-bound IgG1 heavy chain, might have arisen within the Southeast Asian population as a potential evolutionary event on an archaic haplotype background. This variant potentiates immune resilience against various life-threatening organisms, illustrating the interplay of human evolution and immune adaptation.
We integrated single-cell RNA-sequencing data to provide comprehensive profiles of the cellular composition of the tumor microenvironment and identify their underlying genetic determinants across 23 cancer types. We used this resource to delineate the biological mechanisms by which genetic variants shape the cellular composition of the tumor microenvironment.
Effector CD8+ T cells with cytotoxic ability are crucial for immunotherapy success. Two studies show that salt (NaCl) supplementation can enhance the effector function of CD8+ T cells and boost their antitumor responses.
Immunocytokines are cytokine-based fusion proteins with therapeutic potential. New CD45-targeted immunocytokines can reprogram systemic anti-tumor immunity by prolonged retention on T cells and dendritic cells while minimizing systemic toxicities through intratumoral delivery.
Tumor cells in emerging cancers modify their gene expression to avoid immune control, a process known as immunoediting. We found that genome-wide gene expression changes in breast tumors after oncogene induction in genetically engineered mice were dominated by the epigenetic repression of innate and adaptive immune genes. Immunoevasion by tumors was reversed by a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor.
Mucosal vaccine boosters are expected to enhance protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. A study now reveals that the delivery device — through either intranasal sprayers or nebulizers — also influences the mucosal immunity and protection efficacy in non-human primates.
A distinct subset of attenuated CD8+ T cells that retain crucial cytotoxic functions has been identified in chronic hepatitis B infection and linked to viral control.
Seder and colleagues review the latest scientific advances in understanding how monoclonal antibodies to the circumsporozoite protein prevent malaria and highlight how this emerging intervention can be used alone or alongside existing antimalarial interventions to control malaria across at-risk populations.
HIV-specific CD8+ T cells are dysfunctional in the majority of people living with HIV. However, long-term treatment with antiretroviral therapy may considerably improve the antiviral function of these cells.
Profiling of T cell responses in the lungs of patients with pneumonia revealed that early and persistent enrichment of T cells correlates with survival from SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Notably, lung T cells with an interferon-stimulated profile and specific for SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins support survival, whereas those that gain a nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-driven inflammatory profile and are directed against nonstructural proteins were associated with poor clinical outcomes.
The AIRE protein drives the expression of tissue-restricted self-antigens, required to induce immune tolerance for self-proteins. New work shows the importance of an external interaction between AIRE and the transcriptional activator CBP/p300, and an internal competition for nuclear-condensate formation.
Longitudinal sampling of human lymph nodes using fine-needle aspiration after influenza or SARS-CoV-2 vaccination reveals substantial durability and transcriptional reprogramming of follicular helper T cells over time.
A lung-specific fibroblast that normally provides a niche for alveolar cells has been identified as the predominant source of emergent inflammatory and fibrotic fibroblast subsets. This finding has major implications for the treatment of lung diseases.
Patients with Crohn’s disease display an altered serum IgG glycosylation signature that is detectable many years before clinical diagnosis and is associated with increased levels of pathogenic anti-mannan antibodies. The altered IgG glycoforms activate innate immune cells, in a preclinical phase, promoting the transition to intestinal inflammation.
