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    This focus examines the sexual development and differentiation of the brain, as well as the brain circuits behind pair bonding, a sex-associated social behavior. An accompanying commentary raises ethical issues that must be considered when studying such a complex (and controversial) topic as human sexuality. These articles are freely available for the month of October.

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    These Perspectives critically appraise high-throughput methods such as proteomics, microarrays and multiple-electrode recording, and evaluate the current and future database resources that such studies require. They are freely available with help from the NIH.

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    Music is a universal feature of human societies, but its adaptive function remains mysterious. These six Reviews discuss how the brain processes music, and how this research influences our understanding of cognition.

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    This supplement grew out of our curiosity about how neuroscience has contributed to improving the quality of people's lives. Fifteen review articles discuss recent progress toward a variety of practical applications of basic neuroscience, including memory enhancement, brain-computer interfaces, biotechnology of taste and smell, virtual reality, face recognition software, spinal cord injury and many others. In addition, five commentaries suggest ways to optimize the transfer of basic research to uses outside the laboratory. This special issue was supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and the National Institute on Drug Abuse.

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    The events that transform a single cell into a fully developed individual with a complex nervous system have fascinated biologists for centuries. Advances in molecular biology, genomics and imaging have moved the investigation of development into the molecular realm and allowed researchers to follow cellular events in living animals. This special issue of Nature Neuroscience, sponsored by Cogent Neuroscience Inc., reviews recent progress in molecular approaches to developmental neuroscience.

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    This supplement contains eight specially commissioned review articles, in which leading experts discuss the application of computational modeling to a range of problems in contemporary neuroscience; topics include dendritic processing, stabilization of neuronal firing rates, short term memory, sensorimotor transformations, object recognition, control of movement, cerebellar function and attention. In addition to the reviews, the supplement contains six History pieces, which highlight some of the most influential theoretical models of the previous half-century, and six Viewpoints, in which prominent theoretical and experimental neuroscientists offer their personal views on the proper role of modeling in neuroscience.