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The authors describe the connectivity, response profile and behavioral roles of two transcriptionally defined amygdala populations from separate embryonic lineages and show how responses of one population change with social experience.

This study applies topological analysis to hippocampal ripple waveforms, uncovering a low-dimensional continuum that encodes layer-specific synaptic input information. It also reveals how ripple waveforms vary during wakefulness, sleep and learning.

Experiments in human cortical organoid and mouse models of SYNGAP1 haploinsufficiency, which is associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), reveal altered cortical neurogenesis, suggesting that a non-synaptic mechanism contributes to the disorder.

McGinty and Lupkin show that value-based choices in monkeys are explained by multi-neuron activity patterns in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) that are not evident in single cells. Identifying this neural–behavioral link sheds light on the OFC’s role in decision-making.

Radulescu et al. show that homeostatic mechanisms that reduce cortical activity following overstimulation are dysregulated later in life, such that overstimulation results in synaptic strengthening, elevated activity and cognitive impairment.

The study by Pallucchi et al. links the molecular identity of motoneuron and V2a interneuron subtypes to their function and uncovers orthogonal transcriptomic rules for their assembly into separate circuit modules controlling locomotor speed.

Chen et al. find that cerebellar Purkinje cells directly inhibit neurons in parabrachial nuclei that in turn influence many forebrain regions. This alternative output pathway could enable the cerebellum to regulate emotions, anxiety, aggression and affect.

What neurons encode when animals face a dangerous situation is unclear. Here, the authors show that the prefrontal cortex encodes both threat-specific information and a more general representation of the presence of danger.

Using direct intracranial recordings and modern speech AI models, Li and colleagues show representational and computational similarities between deep neural networks for self-supervised speech learning and the human auditory pathway.

The neuronal subtypes regulating the emotional component of learning and memory are not fully described. Here the authors provide a molecular atlas of the adult mouse amygdala and show the subsets of cells transcriptionally responsive to fear.

Despite diversity, equity and inclusion efforts, women remain underrepresented as academic leaders in neuroscience. In this Perspective, Bourke, Spanò and Schuman discuss current European initiatives and propose further actions to support women’s career progression in STEM.

Electrical deep brain stimulation therapy is limited by the risks of inserting electrodes into the brain. Here the authors report non-invasive deep brain stimulation in the human hippocampus using temporal interference of kHz electric fields.

This study examined the role of rat frontal and parietal cortices in choosing whether to gamble versus play it safe. A combination of perturbations, electrophysiology and quantitative modeling establishes that the frontal cortex is important for representing the expected utility of options in the service of economic choice.

The Hummel lab demonstrated that the striatum can be successfully and focally reached noninvasively via transcranial electrical temporal interference stimulation in humans, which resulted in improvements of motor learning in older adults.

Recent progress in astrocyte biology requires a more cohesive conceptual framework. This Perspective introduces a ‘contextual guidance’ paradigm in which astrocytes are key to adaptive modeling of neural circuits in response to state changes.