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Brain functions require a constant supply of glucose. However, the brain energy stores are unclear. Here, the authors show that oligodendroglial fatty acid metabolism can be an energy reserve for white matter axons, supporting their function.

The authors present DPAD, a deep learning method, for dynamical neural–behavioral modeling. It dissociates behaviorally relevant neural dynamics, better predicts neural–behavioral data and reveals insight into where their nonlinearities can be isolated.

Nature Neuroscience now welcomes Registered Reports — a publishing format designed to prioritize methodological rigor.

Muir et al. explore threat discrimination in male and female mice and find that, despite similar behavioral acquisition, there are surprising sex differences in the neural encoding that drives suppression of reward seeking under threat.

The spatial relationship between neuronal and vascular activity remains highly debated. In this study, the authors used multiscale optical imaging to show how vascular architecture limits the spatial specificity of neurovascular coupling.

Single-cell profiling in the human cortex reveals aging-associated transcriptomic changes across all brain cell types, which overlap with effects with Alzheimer’s disease and show a convergent signature with psychopathology across multiple cell types.

The study of neural plasticity has focused on excitatory neural connections, but inhibitory connections can also change. Learning at inhibitory synapses may support high-level cognitive phenomena, such as selecting information for memory storage.

Comprehensive profiling of a circumventricular organ with leaky blood vessels, and comparison to cortex vasculature reveal that blood–brain barrier heterogeneity reflects differences in endothelial cells and their interactions with perivascular cells.

The authors find a newly evolved progenitor domain extends and expands spinal motor neurogenesis in humans.

Activation of nested, but not discrete, neural circuits drives alternative courtship songs in male Drosophila melanogaster, providing further insight into how the nervous system can drive the same motor systems to rapidly switch between different actions.

Using human cerebrospinal fluid proteomics, the authors found that proteins associated with Aβ pathology in Alzheimer disease were mainly expressed in glial cells, whereas those associated with tau tangle were linked to metabolism and mainly expressed in neurons.

Goodman et al. found that Tau is critical for ROS-induced lipid droplet formation in glia from flies and mammals. Too much or too little glial Tau disrupts lipid droplets, leaving the glia susceptible to neuronal ROS-induced damage and causing phenotypes in tau^−/− flies.

What follows is not a detailed biography of Jim Simons, whose diversity of talents and activities as a mathematician, educator, administrator, life scientist, philanthropist and visionary in this country and abroad would fill several volumes. It is simply a glance at this wonderful man as I knew him in connection with his growing interest in life sciences and as a friend.

Understanding brain development and systems linked to behavioral change is a key goal in population neuroscience. The authors show the ventral attention network is key for brain development and cognitive ability in cross-culture longitudinal cohorts.

The active zone primes synaptic vesicles and clusters voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels fast neurotransmitter release. Here the authors dissect the underlying molecular architecture and show that distinct protein machineries execute these functions.