Analyses

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  • Nature-based climate solutions are widely incorporated into climate change mitigation plans and need firm scientific foundations. Through literature review and expert elicitation, this analysis shows that for some major pathways there is strong support, while for others their efficacy remains uncertain.

    • B. Buma
    • D. R. Gordon
    • S. P. Hamburg
    AnalysisOpen Access
  • Innovations in methane-targeted abatement technologies (MTAT) are needed to curb climate change in the short term. This Analysis reveals the trend, distributions and diffusion of MTAT-related patents for the past few decades, highlighting the mismatch between emissions sources and technical capacity.

    • Jingjing Jiang
    • Deyun Yin
    • Nan Zhou
    AnalysisOpen Access
  • For global adaptation effort, it is essential to understand which actors are participating and what their roles are. This Analysis, based on comparative case studies, displays the dominant actors in adaptation, and how the actor–role patterns vary across regions.

    • Jan Petzold
    • Tom Hawxwell
    • Matthias Garschagen
    AnalysisOpen Access
  • Non-CO2 emissions, including methane and nitrous oxide, are non-negligible contributors to global warming. A multimodel analysis incorporating recent advances in damage functions shows that the social cost of these greenhouse gases would increase substantially, although uncertainty remains.

    • Tianpeng Wang
    • Fei Teng
    Analysis
  • Climate-induced extreme events could lead to drastic socioeconomic consequences, including altered cooperation behaviours. With survey experiments among Iraqi and Syrian refugees, this study finds drought experience could reduce altruism and group identity function as the key moderator.

    • Stefan Döring
    • Jonathan Hall
    AnalysisOpen Access
  • Effective spatial allocation of the nature-based solutions is important for city mitigation through various pathways. This Analysis allocates prioritized urban nature-based solutions to major European cities and estimates their potential contribution to emission reductions, then the carbon neutrality targets.

    • Haozhi Pan
    • Jessica Page
    • Zahra Kalantari
    AnalysisOpen Access
  • Historical CO2 emissions could lead to future climate damages and harm human inclusive wealth. This analysis proposes the concept of climate wealth borrowing and quantifies the country-specific present value of climate change impacts arising from energy and industrial CO2 emissions of the period of 1950–2018.

    • Wilfried Rickels
    • Felix Meier
    • Martin Quaas
    AnalysisOpen Access
  • The authors show that estuarine and coastal vegetation are collectively a greenhouse gas (GHG) sink for the atmosphere, but methane and nitrous oxide emissions counteract the carbon dioxide uptake. Critical coastal GHG sink hotspots are identified in Southeast Asia, North America and Africa.

    • Judith A. Rosentreter
    • Goulven G. Laruelle
    • Pierre Regnier
    Analysis
  • Although many countries have strengthened their emissions reduction pledges, their ability to limit the warming outcomes is still in question. A multimodel analysis demonstrates that these trajectories are in line with the 2 °C target but countries probably face feasibility challenges to achieve them.

    • Dirk-Jan van de Ven
    • Shivika Mittal
    • Alexandros Nikas
    Analysis
  • Sea-level rise is threatening communities with inundation. This work considers isolation—being cut off from essential services—as a complementary metric that highlights earlier risks from high tides across the coastal United States.

    • T. M. Logan
    • M. J. Anderson
    • A. C. Reilly
    Analysis
  • Using data on oxygen variability taken from 32 representative reef sites, the authors show that hypoxia is already common. Under future scenarios of ocean warming and deoxygenation, the duration, intensity and severity of hypoxia will increase, with nearly one-third of reefs experiencing severe hypoxia.

    • Ariel K. Pezner
    • Travis A. Courtney
    • Andreas J. Andersson
    Analysis
  • Although the role of the human diet in climate change has been widely acknowledged, current practices fail to capture its realistic effect on warming. In this Analysis, Ivanovich et al. develop a global food consumption emission inventory and estimate the associated future climate impact using a reduced-complexity climate model.

    • Catherine C. Ivanovich
    • Tianyi Sun
    • Ilissa B. Ocko
    AnalysisOpen Access
  • An EU embargo on Russian fossil fuels would lead to a rapid decrease in fossil fuel combustion, GHG emissions reductions and potential economic losses. This analysis quantifies such effects, while also demonstrating how demand-side responses would impact the shock.

    • Li-Jing Liu
    • Hong-Dian Jiang
    • Yi-Ming Wei
    Analysis
  • With increasing river flooding risk caused by climate and socioeconomic changes, different adaptation strategies can help to improve the resilience to the threat. This Analysis compares four major options, then examines the potential benefits and costs across Europe under different scenarios.

    • Francesco Dottori
    • Lorenzo Mentaschi
    • Luc Feyen
    AnalysisOpen Access
  • National climate institutions could greatly impact the process of policy design and implementation. This analysis identifies four models of climate governance for major emitters, estimates their policy ambitions and performance, then shows how they are related to macro features.

    • Johnathan Guy
    • Esther Shears
    • Jonas Meckling
    Analysis
  • The authors quantify the thermal tolerance of 305 populations from 61 taxa by meta-analysis. They reveal strong population-level differentiation in marine and intertidal taxa, but not terrestrial or freshwater taxa, and highlight the need to consider such variation in climate vulnerability predictions.

    • Matthew Sasaki
    • Jordanna M. Barley
    • Brian S. Cheng
    Analysis