Browse Articles

When the Arctic Ocean will become free of sea ice is uncertain in climate-model projections. If a mismatch between the observed and the modelled sensitivity of sea ice to changes in atmospheric circulation is properly accounted for, then projections show that ice loss is slower and the Arctic could be sea-ice-free a decade later.

Dense-water formation around Antarctica could be reduced as climate change alters sea-ice formation and circulation patterns. This study shows there has been an over 40% reduction in dense-water formation in the Weddell Sea since 1992, which could affect global overturning circulation.

When the Arctic will be seasonally sea ice free is highly uncertain. Here, the authors use the Arctic’s response to atmospheric circulation to recalibrate models and show that sea-ice-free conditions are delayed by a decade compared to the original ensemble.

A large gap exists between the concerns over the risks of climate change and the support needed for effective climate actions. We show that participating in a market where individuals make predictions on future climate outcomes and earn money can change climate attitudes, behaviour and knowledge.

Climate change is a politically polarized subject, and changing peoples’ beliefs is challenging. This study shows that participation in a climate prediction market by betting on future climate outcomes may be an effective way to change both attitudes and behaviour around climate change.

Achieving global carbon neutrality will lead to a low-warming future and impact renewable energy production. This study demonstrates that deep mitigation pathways can bring positive feedback that enhances and stabilizes solar and wind energy production.

Environmental justice should be a central concern in adaptation action to avoid reproducing marginalizing power structures. Critical race theory can provide novel and valuable perspectives that contribute to promoting equity in climate change adaptation research and practices.

Large language models offer an opportunity to advance climate and sustainability research. We believe that a focus on regulation and validation of generative artificial intelligence models would provide more benefits to society than a halt in development.

The deepest reaches of the ocean are ventilated by sinking of cold and relatively saline seawater around Antarctica. Observations from the Australian sector of the Southern Ocean reveal a decline in sinking and abyssal ventilation, linked to dropping ocean salinity on the Antarctic shelf.

The value of climate change mitigation largely depends on the social discount rate, which has almost exclusively been influenced by economists. A survey of expert philosophers shows that, as a group, they support the same social discount rate as economists, resulting in the same mitigation policy, but for different ethical and practical reasons.

The ozone layer is slowly recovering due to the Montreal Protocol. The only exception is the ozone in the tropical lower stratosphere, which keeps decreasing. Now, a modelling study demonstrates that the tropical ozone loss is partly driven by ozone-depleting very short-lived substances that are not regulated by the Montreal Protocol.

The drivers of uncertainties in hydrological sensitivity, the global-mean precipitation response to warming, are currently not well understood. Here the authors show that the spatial pattern of sea surface temperature warming explains much of this uncertainty and could allow to constrain projections.

In contrast to the overall recovery of stratospheric ozone, ozone depletion in the tropical lower stratosphere has been ongoing over recent years. Here the authors show that currently unregulated halogenated ozone-depleting very short-lived substances play a key role in this ongoing depletion.

Economists often dominate public climate policy discussions, such as those on the proper social discount rate and optimal climate pathways. This Article shows that philosophers, experts in underlying ethical matters, generally agree with economists but put more weight on various normative considerations.