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The use of biocatalysts for glycoside bond formation is an attractive strategy in chemical synthesis, but the tight specificity of enzymes can be a significant limitation. An ingenious screening strategy has led to the discovery of a particularly plastic glycosyltransferase.
Animals time events on scales that span from microseconds to days. In contrast to the technologies devised by humans to keep track of time, biology has developed vastly different mechanisms for timing across these different scales.
Live samples are intrinsically highly dynamic, yet techniques to monitor these complex environments usually reflect snapshots, thus making time-lapse imaging necessary to explore temporal progression of biological functions. Recent results indicate that exploiting some basic features of fluorescent protein maturation, such as green-to-red maturation of engineered proteins, should allow probing of temporally regulated information.
The world's first synthetic biology department at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is using a bottom-up approach to form a foundation of design rules and models to understand cellular function.
Heterologous production of natural products in non-native bacteria can be used to increase yields of certain bioactive compounds; however, producing small molecules inside bacteria has numerous limitations. Two reports of the in vitro reconstruction of entire biosynthetic pathways highlight the advantages and challenges of this approach for pathway engineering.
The U2 snRNP particle is an essential component of the eukaryotic pre-mRNA splicing apparatus, the spliceosome. Natural and semisynthetic inhibitors that bind the SF3b subunit of the U2 snRNP block splicing and prompt nuclear export of intron-bearing precursors, defining a new mode of action in anticancer drugs.
Bacterial mRNAs begin with a triphosphate on the first transcribed nucleotide, but RNase E, the endonuclease long thought to initiate mRNA decay in Escherichia coli, only works well on RNA with a 5′-monophosphate. Conversion of the 5′-triphosphate to a monophosphate now appears to be the first committed step in mRNA decay in E. coli.