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Aerial photograph showing 30 million hectares of small farms in northern China that include fields planted with insecticidal transgenic Bt cotton and natural refuges of other crops that do not make Bt toxins. Wu et al. show that natural refuges have helped to delay evolution of Bt resistance in cotton bollworm. One alternative for delaying resistance to Bt crops is engineering them to produce two or more toxins that kill the same pest, which is analyzed by Carriére et al. (p 169; p 161) Credit: Ming Zhang, Microfotos
European politicians' decision to kick the can of genetically modified (GM) crop approvals down to national governments may accelerate adoption in the short term, but foreshadows legal battles down the road.
Approvals of new chemical and biologic entities surged again in 2014, shepherded along by a confident FDA, as industry reaped the rewards of drug development incentives. Chris Morrison reports.
A mix of policy options that enhances access to research tools is available to courts, legislators and government bureaucracies, including research agencies and patent offices.
This Analysis of data from 38 field studies identifies key factors affecting the durability of Bt toxin pyramids, and should inform future resistance management strategies.
Combining four years of field data with computer modeling reveals that development of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins (Bt) in cotton bollworm can be delayed by refuges of non-Bt host plants other than cotton, but that these so-called ‘natural refuges’ are not as effective as non-Bt cotton refuges.
An unbiased approach for the genome-wide detection of off-target cleavage by CRISPR-Cas9 RNA–guided nucleases reveals wide variability in the off-target activity of different guide RNAs.