Redesigning mRNA with chemo-topological strategies improves its stability and translation efficiency, paving the way for more effective mRNA therapeutics.

λ exonuclease (λExo) binds 5′-phosphorylated single-stranded DNA (pDNA) at complementary regions on double-stranded DNA and DNA–RNA duplexes under ambient conditions without a PAM-like motif. In the presence of Mg²⁺, λExo then digests the pDNA into nucleotides.

A differentiation method informed by developmental biology converts human pluripotent stem cells to engraftable hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells without the use of transgenes.

Quadruplet codons allow multiplexing of non-canonical amino acids within single polypeptides in living cells. We show that including high-usage triplet codons after quadruplet codons can improve their decoding efficiency in genetic circuits, which allowed us to develop a system for the programmable biosynthesis of exotic macrocyclic peptides in cells.