Reviews & Analysis

Understanding the dynamics between bacteria and bacteriophages could enable the development of phage-based therapies and biotechnological tools and provide insights into the ecology and evolution of these microorganisms.

This Review describes progress in the study of human genetics, in which rapid advances in technology, foundational genomic resources and analytical tools have contributed to the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for many rare and common diseases and to preventative and therapeutic strategies for many of these conditions.

Current barriers and limitations to HIV treatments are reviewed, and suggestions for future steps to achieve an effective curative intervention are discussed.

A Review of studies into insulin resistance and hepatic gluconeogenesis associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes.

A review of drug resistance in cancer analyses each biological determinant of resistance separately and discusses existing and new therapeutic strategies to combat the problem as a whole.

An overview of the effects of vaccines on global morbidity and mortality, vaccine safety issues, and the hurdles involved in proceeding from vaccine discovery to successful implementation.

Processes for dismantling and recycling lithium-ion battery packs from scrap electric vehicles are outlined.

Structural metals enable improved energy efficiency through their reduced mass, higher thermal stability and better mechanical properties; here, methods of improving the sustainability of structural metals, from recycling to contaminant tolerance, are described.

We need to integrate the knowledge and skills from different disciplines and from communities all over the world to enable effective responses to future epidemics.

Genetic strategies for improving the yield and sustainability of agricultural crops, and the resilience of crops in the face of biotic and abiotic stresses contingent on projected climate change, are evaluated.

The processes that control the movement of carbon from microfossils on the seafloor to erupting volcanoes and deep diamonds, in a cycle driven by plate tectonics, are reviewed.

The authors review recent developments in our understanding of the antitumour effects of the innate immune system and how this system could be harnessed in the clinic.

Progress in integrating atomically thin two-dimensional materials with silicon-based technology is reviewed, together with the associated opportunities and challenges, and a roadmap for future applications is presented.

Structural and microscopy studies of gene transcription underpin a model in which phosphorylation controls the shuttling of RNA polymerase II between promoter and gene-body condensates to regulate transcription initiation and elongation.

Abiotic processes can mimic or alter the biogenic traces of early life but advances in micro- and nanoscale analyses provide evidence that—with geological contextualization—improves our ability to address this issue.

A Review of advances in memory-editing techniques in humans suggests that these techniques are advancing beyond science fiction and could hold promise for translation into clinical practice.

The authors review recent advances and current debates in epigenetics, including how epigenetic mechanisms interact with genetic variation, ageing, disease and the environment.

The milestones that mark the advances in ageing research, the medical, commercial and societal implications of ageing and the different ageing pathways and processes that are associated with ageing are discussed.

Three-dimensional genome architecture has important roles in the regulation of gene expression and is therefore a key determinant of cell identity in normal development and in disease states.

Understanding the behaviour of the machines powered by artificial intelligence that increasingly mediate our social, cultural, economic and political interactions is essential to our ability to control the actions of these intelligent machines, reap their benefits and minimize their harms.