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Speciation gradients and the distribution of biodiversity

Nature volume 546, pages 48–55 (2017)Cite this article

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Abstract

Global patterns of biodiversity are influenced by spatial and environmental variations in the rate at which new species form. We relate variations in speciation rates to six key patterns of biodiversity worldwide, including the species–area relationship, latitudinal gradients in species and genetic diversity, and between-habitat differences in species richness. Although they sometimes mirror biodiversity patterns, recent rates of speciation, at the tip of the tree of life, are often highest where species richness is low. Speciation gradients therefore shape, but are also shaped by, biodiversity gradients and are often more useful for predicting future patterns of biodiversity than for interpreting the past.

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Figure 1: The relationship between rates of immigration, extinction and species origination and species number on islands of increasing size.
Figure 2: The species–area relationship for cichlid fish in African lakes.
Figure 3: Variation in ages of New World mammal species with latitude.
Figure 4: The relationship between diversification, speciation and latitude in birds.

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Acknowledgements

Thank you to L. Harmon, D. Jablonski, W. Jetz, E. Miller, M. O'Connor, T. Price and M. Whitlock for comments and discussion, and to B. Freeman and W. Jetz for help with Fig. 4.

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  1. Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada

    Dolph Schluter & Matthew W. Pennell

  2. Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada

    Dolph Schluter & Matthew W. Pennell

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Reviewer Information Nature thanks S. Gavrilets, W. Jetz and the other anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Schluter, D., Pennell, M. Speciation gradients and the distribution of biodiversity. Nature 546, 48–55 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22897

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