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Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions

Nature volume 455, pages 648–651 (2008)Cite this article

Abstract

Magnetic resonance imaging and optical microscopy are key technologies in the life sciences. For microbiological studies, especially of the inner workings of single cells, optical microscopy is normally used because it easily achieves resolution close to the optical wavelength. But in conventional microscopy, diffraction limits the resolution to about half the wavelength. Recently, it was shown that this limit can be partly overcome by nonlinear imaging techniques1,2, but there is still a barrier to reaching the molecular scale. In contrast, in magnetic resonance imaging the spatial resolution is not determined by diffraction; rather, it is limited by magnetic field sensitivity, and so can in principle go well below the optical wavelength. The sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging has recently been improved enough to image single cells3,4, and magnetic resonance force microscopy5 has succeeded in detecting single electrons6 and small nuclear spin ensembles7. However, this technique currently requires cryogenic temperatures, which limit most potential biological applications8. Alternatively, single-electron spin states can be detected optically9,10, even at room temperature in some systems11,12,13,14. Here we show how magneto-optical spin detection can be used to determine the location of a spin associated with a single nitrogen-vacancy centre in diamond with nanometre resolution under ambient conditions. By placing these nitrogen-vacancy spins in functionalized diamond nanocrystals, biologically specific magnetofluorescent spin markers can be produced. Significantly, we show that this nanometre-scale resolution can be achieved without any probes located closer than typical cell dimensions. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of a single diamond spin as a scanning probe magnetometer to map nanoscale magnetic field variations. The potential impact of single-spin imaging at room temperature is far-reaching. It could lead to the capability to probe biologically relevant spins in living cells.

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Figure 1: Nitrogen-vacancy defect in diamond.
Figure 2: Gradient imaging with single spins.
Figure 3: Scanning probe magnetometry.

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Acknowledgements

We thank M. D. Lukin for drawing our attention to advanced echo-based techniques, and R. Kamella for technical assistance. This work was supported by the EU (QAP, EQUIND, NANO4DRUGS, NEDQIT), DFG (SFB/TR21 and FOR730) and Landesstiftung BW.

Author Contributions G.B., I.Y.C, R.K., M.A.-H., J.T., C.S., C.K., A.W., J.W. and F.J. performed the experiments; A.K. prepared diamond nanocrystals; T.H., A.L. and R.B. prepared magnetic nanostructures; P.R.H., J.W. and F.J. designed and coordinated the experiments; and F.J. wrote the paper. All authors discussed the results, analysed the data and commented on the manuscript.

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  1. I. Y. Chan

    Present address: Present address: 3 Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany.,

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 3 Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany

    Gopalakrishnan Balasubramanian, Roman Kolesov, Mohannad Al-Hmoud, Julia Tisler, Fedor Jelezko & Jörg Wrachtrup

  2. Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA,

    I. Y. Chan

  3. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA,

    Chang Shin, Changdong Kim, Aleksander Wojcik & Philip R. Hemmer

  4. Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany

    Anke Krueger

  5. University of Konstanz and Center for Applied Photonics, 78457 Konstanz, Germany

    Tobias Hanke, Alfred Leitenstorfer & Rudolf Bratschitsch

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Correspondence to Fedor Jelezko.

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Balasubramanian, G., Chan, I., Kolesov, R. et al. Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions. Nature 455, 648–651 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07278

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