Abstract
There is substantial evidence that the martian volatile inventory and climate have changed markedly throughout the planet's history. Clues come from areas as disparate as the history and properties of the deep interior, the composition of the crust and regolith, the morphology of the surface, composition of the present-day atmosphere, and the nature of the interactions between the upper atmosphere and the solar wind. We piece together the relevant observations into a coherent view of the evolution of the martian climate, focusing in particular on the observations that provide the strongest constraints.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 51 print issues and online access
$199.00 per year
only $3.90 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Owen, T. in Mars (eds Kieffer, H. H., Jakosky, B. M., Snyder C. W. & Matthews, M. S.) 818–834 (Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, 1992).
Jakosky, B. M. & Haberle, R. M. in Mars (eds Kieffer, H. H., Jakosky, B. M., Snyder C. W. & Matthews, M. S.) 969–1016 (Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, 1992).
Brass, G. W. Stability of brines on Mars. Icarus 42, 20–28 (1980).
Kieffer, H. H. & Zent, A. P. in Mars (eds Kieffer, H. H., Jakosky, B. M., Snyder C. W. & Matthews, M. S.) 1180–1218 (Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, 1992).
Ward, W. R. Climatic variations on Mars. I. Astronomical theory of insolation. J. Geophys. Res. 79, 3375–3386 (1974).
Touma, J. & Wisdom, J. The chaotic obliquity of Mars. Science 259, 1294–1297 (1993).
Jakosky, B. M., Henderson, B. G. & Mellon, M. T. Chaotic obliquity and the nature of the martian climate. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 1579–1584 (1995).
Hartmann, W. K. et al. in Basaltic Volcanism on the Terrestrial Planets (eds Basaltic Volcanism Study Project) 1049–1127 (Pergamon, New York, 1981).
Tanaka, K. L. The stratigraphy of Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 91, E139–E158 (1986).
Hartmann, W. K. & Berman, D. C. Elysium Planitia lava flows: crater count chronology and geological implications. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 15011–15025 (2000).
Hartmann, W. K. & Neukum, G. Cratering chronology and the evolution of Mars. Space Sci. Rev. (in the press).
Pepin, R. O. Evolution of the martian atmosphere. Icarus 111, 289–304 (1994).
Carr, M. H. & Clow, G. D. Martian channels and valleys: their characteristics, distribution, and age. Icarus 48, 91–117 (1981).
Carr, M. H. & Malin, M. C. Meter-scale characteristics of martian channels and valleys. Icarus 146, 366–386 (2000).
Carr, M. H. & Chuang, F. C. Martian drainage densities. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 9145–9152 (1997).
Tanaka, K. L., Dohm, J. M., Lias, J. H. & Hare, T. M. Erosional valleys in the Thaumasia region of Mars: hydrothermal and seismic origins. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 31407–31419 (1998).
Carr, M. H. Water on Mars (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1996).
Chapman, C. R. & Jones, K. L. Cratering and obliteration history of Mars. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 5, 515–540 (1977).
Craddock, R. A. & Maxwell, T. A. Geomorphic evolution of the martian highlands through ancient fluvial processes. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 3453–3468 (1993).
Craddock, R. A., Maxwell, T. A. & Howard, A. D. Crater morphometry and modification in the Sinus Sabaeus and Margaritifer Sinus regions of Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 13321–13340 (1997).
Golombek, M. P. & Bridges, N. T. Erosion rates on Mars and implications for climate change: constraints from the Pathfinder landing site. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 1841–1853 (2000).
Baker, V. R. & Partridge, J. Small martian valleys: pristine and degraded morphology. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 3561–3572 (1986).
Pollack, J. B., Kasting, J. F., Richardson, S. M. & Poliakoff, K. The case for a warm, wet climate on early Mars. Icarus 71, 203–224 (1987).
Squyres, S. W. & Kasting, J. F. Early Mars: how warm and how wet? Science 265, 744–749 (1994).
Kasting, J. F. CO2 condensation and the climate of early Mars. Icarus 94, 1–13 (1991).
Forget, F. & Pierrehumbert, R. T. Warming early Mars with carbon dioxide clouds that scatter infrared radiation. Science 278, 1273–1276 (1997).
Mischna, M. A., Kasting, J. F., Pavlov, A. & Freedman, R. Influence of carbon dioxide clouds on early martian climate. Icarus 145, 546–554 (2000).
Phillips, R. J. et al. Ancient geodynamics and global-scale hydrology on Mars. Science 291, 2587–2591 (2001).
Anderson, R. C. et al. Primary centers and secondary concentrations of tectonic activity through time in the western hemisphere of Mars. J. Geophys. Res. (in the press).
McSween, H. J. Jr et al. Geochemical evidence for magmatic water within mars from pyroxenes in the Shergotty meteorite. Nature 409, 487–490 (2001).
Parker, T. J., Clifford, S. M. & Banerdt, W. B. Argyre Planitia and the Mars global hydrologic cycle. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. XXXI, Abstr. 2033 〈http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2000/pdf/2033.pdf〉 (2000).
Baker, V. R. The Channels of Mars 198 p (Univ. Texas Press, Austin, TX, 1982).
Jakosky, B. M. & Phillips, R. J. Water the many mysteries of Mars? (Abstr.) Am. Geophys. Union Fall meeting, San Francisco 〈http://www.agu.org/meetings/waisfm00.html〉 (2000).
Acuña, M. H. et al. Global distribution of crustal magnetism discovered by the Mars Global Surveyor MAG/ER experiment. Science 284, 790–793 (1999).
Connerney, J. E. P. et al. Magnetic lineations in the ancient crust of Mars. Science 284, 794–798 (1999).
Hynek, B. M. & Phillips, R. J. Evidence for extensive denudation of the Martian highlands. Geology 29, 407–410 (2001).
Harrison, K. P. & Grimm, R. E. Martian hydrothermal systems: relationship between magnetic anomalies and valley networks. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. XXXII, Abstr. 1441 〈http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2001/pdf/1441.pdf〉 (2001).
Newman, M. J. & Rood, R. T. Implications of solar evolution for the Earth's early atmosphere. Science 198, 1035–1037 (1977).
Kasting, J. F. & Grinspoon, D. H. in The Sun in Time (eds Sonett, C. P., Giampapa, M. S. & Matthews, M. S.) 447–462 (Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, 1991).
Haberle, R. M. Early Mars climate models. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 28467–28479 (1998).
Melosh, H. J. & Vickery, A. M. Impact erosion of the primordial atmosphere of Mars. Nature 338, 487–489 (1989).
Brain, D. A. & Jakosky, B. M. Atmospheric loss since the onset of the martian geologic record: combined role of impact erosion and sputtering. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 22689–22694 (1998).
Frey, H. V., Shockey, K. M., Frey, E. L., Roark, J. H. & Sakimoto, S. E. H. A very large population of likely buried impact basins in the northern lowlands of Mars revealed by MOLA data. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. XXXII, Abstr. 1680 〈http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2001/pdf/1680.pdf〉 (2001).
Chyba, C. F., Owen, T. C. & Ip, W. H. in Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids (ed. Gehrels, T.) 9–58 (Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, 1994).
Owen, T. & Bar-Nun, A. Comets, impacts, and atmospheres. Icarus 116, 215–226 (1995).
Luhmann, J. G., Johnson, R. E. & Zhang, M. H. G. Evolutionary impact of sputtering of the martian atmosphere by O+ pickup ions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 2151–2154 (1992).
Mitchell, D. L. et al. Crustal magnetocylinders at Mars. (Abstr.) Am. Geophys. Union Spring meeting 〈http://www.agu.org/meetings/waissm00.html〉 (2000).
Ayres, T. R. Evolution of the solar ionizing flux. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 1641–1651 (1997).
McElroy, M. B. & Yung, Y. L. Oxygen isotopes in the martian atmosphere: implications for the evolution of volatiles. Planet. Space Sci. 24, 1107–1113 (1976).
Jakosky, B. M., Pepin, R. O., Johnson, R. E. & Fox, J. L. Mars atmospheric loss and isotopic fractionation by solar-wind-induced sputtering and photochemical escape. Icarus 111, 271–288 (1994).
Hutchins, K. S. & Jakosky, B. M. Evolution of martian atmospheric argon: implications for sources of volatiles. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 14933–14949 (1996).
Owen, T., Maillard, J. P., deBergh, C. & Lutz, B. L. Deuterium on Mars: the abundance of HDO and the value of D/H. Science 240, 1767–1770 (1988).
Bjoraker, G. L., Mumma, M. J. & Larson, H. P. Isotopic abundance ratios for hydrogen and oxygen in the martian atmosphere. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 21, 991 (1989).
Krasnopolsky, V. A., Bjoraker, G. L., Mumma, M. J. & Jennings, D. E. High-resolution spectroscopy of Mars at 3.7 and 8 μm: a sensitive search for H2O2, H2CO, HCl, and CH4, and detection of HDO. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 6525–6534 (1997).
Liu, S. C. & Donahue, T. M. The regulation of hydrogen and oxygen escape from Mars. Icarus 28, 231–246 (1976).
Yung, Y. L. et al. HDO in the martian atmosphere: implications for the abundance of crustal water. Icarus 76, 146–159 (1988).
Leshin, L. A. Insights into martian water reservoirs from analyses of martian meteorite QUE94201. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 2017–2020 (2000).
Krasnopolsky, V. On the deuterium abundance on Mars and some related problems. Icarus 148, 597–602 (2000).
Jakosky, B. M. & Leshin, L. A. Mars D/H: implications for volatile evolution and climate history. (Abstr.) Am. Geophys. Union Spring meeting, Boston 〈http://www.agu.org/meetings/waissm01.html〉 (2001).
Donahue, T. M. Evolution of water reservoirs on Mars from D/H ratios in the atmosphere and crust. Nature 374, 432–434 (1995).
Gooding, J. L., Wentworth, S. J. & Zolensky, M. E. Calcium carbonate and sulfate of possible extraterrestrial origin in the EETA 79001 meteorite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52, 909–915 (1988).
Romanek, C. S. et al. Record of fluid-rock interactions on Mars from the meteorite ALH84001. Nature 372, 655–657 (1994).
Treiman, A. H., Barrett, R. A. & Gooding, J. L. Preterrestrial alteration of the Lafayette (SNC) meteorite. Meteoritics 28, 86–97 (1993).
Pollack. J. B. et al. Thermal emission spectra of Mars (5.4-10.5 μm): evidence for sulfates, carbonates, and hydrates. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 14595–14627 (1990).
Christensen, P. R. et al. Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer experiment: investigation, description and surface science results. J. Geophys. Res. (in the press).
Marti, K. & Mathew, K. J. Ancient martian nitrogen. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 1463–1466 (2000).
Mathew, K. J. & Marti, K. Early evolution of martian volatiles: nitrogen and noble gas components in ALH84001 and Chassigny. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 1401–1422 (2001).
Turner, G., Knott, S. F., Ash, R. D. & Gilmour, J. D. Ar-Ar chronology of the martian meteorite ALH84001: evidence for the timing of the early bombardment of Mars. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61, 3835–3850 (1997).
Hutchins, K. S., Jakosky, B. M. & Luhmann, J. G. Impact of a paleo-magnetic field on sputtering loss of martian atmospheric argon and neon. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 9183–9189 (1997).
Schubert, G., Russell, C. T. & Moore, W. B. Timing of the martian dynamo. Nature 408, 666–667 (2000).
Weiss, B. P. et al. Records of an ancient Martian magnetic field in ALH84001. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. XXXII, Abstr. 1244 〈http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2001/pdf/1244.pdf〉 (2001).
Carr, M. H. H. Formation of martian flood features by release of water from confined aquifers. J. Geophys. Res. 84, 2995–3007 (1979).
Hoffman, N. White Mars: a new model for Mars' surface and atmosphere based on CO2 . Icarus 146, 326–342 (2000).
Lucchitta, B. K. Antarctic ice streams and outflow channels on Mars. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 403–406 (2001).
Tanaka, K. L. Debris flow origin for the Simud/Tiu deposit on Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 8637–8652 (1999).
Carr, M. H. Mars: a water-rich planet? Icarus 68, 187–216 (1986).
Watson, L. L., Hutcheon, I. D., Epstein, S. & Stolper, E. M. Water on Mars: clues from deuterium/hydrogen and water contents of hydrous phases in SNC meteorites. Science 265, 86–90 (1994).
Jakosky, B. M. & Jones, J. H. The history of martian volatiles. Rev. Geophys. 35, 1–16 (1997).
McSween, H. Y. Jr SNC Meteorites: clues to martian petrologic evolution? Rev. Geophys. 23, 391–416 (1985).
McSween, H. Y. Jr What we have learned about Mars from SNC meteorites. Meteoritics 29, 757–779 (1994).
Swindle, T. D. et al. Noble gases in iddingsite from the Lafayette meteorite: evidence for liquid water on Mars in the last few hundred million years. Meteoritics Planet. Sci. 35, 107–115 (2000).
Christensen, P. R. et al. Detection of crystalline hematite mineralization on Mars by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer: evidence for near-surface water. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 9623–9642 (2000).
Tanaka, K., Chapman, M., Johnson, J. & Titus, T. Examination of igneous alternatives to Martian hematite using terrestrial analogs. GSA Abstr. Programs 32(7), Abstr. 52142 (2000).
Malin, M. C. & Edgett, K. S. Evidence for recent ground water seepage and surface runoff on Mars. Science 288, 2330–2335 (2000).
Musselwhite, D. S., Swindle, T. D. & Lunine, J. I. Liquid CO2 breakout and the formation of recent small gullies on Mars. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 1283–1285 (2001).
Stewart, S. T. & Nimmo, F. Surface runoff features on Mars: testing the carbon dioxide formation hypothesis. J. Geophys. Res. (submitted).
Mellon, M. T. & Phillips, R. J. Recent gullies on Mars and the source of liquid water. J. Geophys. Res. (in the press).
Cabrol, N. A. & Grin, E. A. Distribution, classification, and ages of martian impact crater lakes. Icarus 142, 160–172 (1999).
Malin, M. C. & Edgett, K. S. Sedimentary rocks of early Mars. Science 290, 1927–1937 (2001).
Parker, T. S., Saunders, R. S. & Schneeberger, D. M. Transitional morphology in the west Deuteronilus Mensae region of Mars: implications for modification of the lowland/upland boundary. Icarus 82, 111–145 (1989).
Parker, T. J., Gorsline, D. S., Saunders, R. S., Pieri, D. & Schneeberger, D. M. Coastal geomorphology of the martian northern plains. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 11061–11078 (1993).
Head, J. W. et al. Possible ancient oceans on Mars: evidence from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter. Science 286, 2134–2137 (1999).
Head, J. W. III et al. Oceans in the past history of Mars: tests for their presence using Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 4401–4404 (1998).
Malin, M. C. & Edgett, K. S. Oceans or seas in the martian northern lowlands: high-resolution imaging tests of proposed coastlines. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 3049–3052 (1999).
Withers, P. & Neumann, G. A. Enigmatic northern plains of Mars. Nature 410, 651 (2001).
Scott, D. H. & Tanaka, K. L. Geologic map of the western equatorial region of Mars. US Geol. Surv. Map I-1802-A (1986).
Aharonson, O., Zuber, M. T., Neumann, G. A. & Head, J. W. Mars: northern hemisphere slopes and slope distributions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 4413–4416 (1998).
Smith, D. E. et al. The global topography of Mars and implications for surface evolution. Science 284, 1495–1503 (1999).
Head, J. W., Kreslavsky, M. A. & Pratt, S. Northern lowlands on Mars: evidence for widespread volcanic flooding and tectonic deformation in the Early Hesperian. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. XXXII, Abstr. 1063 〈http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2001/pdf/1063.pdf〉 (2001).
Komar, P. D. Modes of sediment transport in channelized water flows with ramifications to the erosion of the martian outflow channels. Icarus 42, 317–329 (1980).
Zuber, M. T. et al. Internal structure and early thermal evolution of Mars from Mars Global Surveyor topography and gravity. Science 287, 1788–1793 (2000).
Pechmann, J. C. The origin of polygonal troughs on the northern plains of Mars. Icarus 42, 185–210 (1980).
Hiesinger, H. & Head, J. W. Characteristics and origin of polygonal terrain in southern Utopia Planitia, Mars: results from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter and Mars Orbiter Camera data. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 11999–12022 (2000).
Lane, M. D. & Christensen, P. R. Convection in a catastrophic flood deposit as the mechanism for the giant polygons on Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 17617–17627 (2000).
Greeley, R. & The Mars Exploration Payload Advisory Group. Mars Exploration Program: Scientific Goals, Objectives, Investigations, and Priorities (Jet Propulsion Laboratory Publication, in the press).
Purucker, M. et al. An altitude-normalized magnetic map of Mars and its interpretation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 2449–2452 (2000).
Goldspiel, J. M. & Squyres, S. W. Ancient aqueous sedimentation on Mars. Icarus 89, 392–410 (1991).
Acknowledgements
We thank C. Leovy, S. Stewart, L. Leshin, M. Mellon, H. Frey, P. Withers, B. Hynek, K. Harrison, W. Hartmann and the MOLA science team for valuable discussions and for providing preprints of their manuscripts. We also thank J. Head, R. Haberle and C. Leovy for detailed reviews of our manuscript. This research was supported by the Mars Global Surveyor Project and the NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jakosky, B., Phillips, R. Mars' volatile and climate history. Nature 412, 237–244 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/35084184
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/35084184
This article is cited by
-
Space habitats for bioengineering and surgical repair: addressing the requirement for reconstructive and research tissues during deep-space missions
npj Microgravity (2023)
-
Coupling and interactions across the Martian whole atmosphere system
Nature Geoscience (2023)
-
Magma Ocean, Water, and the Early Atmosphere of Venus
Space Science Reviews (2023)
-
Isotopic fractionation of water and its photolytic products in the atmosphere of Mars
Nature Astronomy (2021)
-
The global current systems of the Martian induced magnetosphere
Nature Astronomy (2020)
Comments
By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.