Volume 2 Issue 9, September 2021

An article in Climate Dynamics documents tropical cyclone characteristics in the northern Indian Ocean, revealing marked changes in the Arabian Sea.

An article in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems established a soil gas monitoring approach to identify hydrogen-fertile regions in the Pyrenean foothills.

Arlaine Sanchez explains how in situ growth chamber experiments help constrain biogeochemical conditions of hydrothermal vent systems.

Robert Newbould describes how tracers and GPS are used to track the transport of plastic in rivers.

River floods have direct and indirect consequences for society, and can cause fatalities, displacement and economic loss. This Review examines the physical and socioeconomic causes and impacts of disastrous river flooding, and past and projected trends in their occurrence.

Supereruptions are the endmember of explosive volcanic activity, yet, their magmatic processes and eruption dynamics are debated. This Review synthesizes data from 13 Quaternary supereruptive events with geophysical monitoring of active caldera volcanoes to highlight the diversity in large, modern, silicic magmatic systems.

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has global climatic implications, necessitating understanding of its observed and projected changes. This Review brings together knowledge of ENSO in a warming climate, revealing projected increases in ENSO magnitude, as well as ENSO-related rainfall and sea surface temperature variability.

Although the presence of ‘light’ elements (such as S, Si, O, C and H) can explain the core’s density deficit, the exact composition of the Earth’s core remains unknown. This Review explores the likely range of outer and inner core compositions and their implications.