Decarbonization strategies can perturb the nitrogen cycle through elevating nitrogen inputs to the environment, potentially driving increased eutrophication. This Review explores the potential synergistic and antagonistic impacts on carbon and nitrogen emissions from five major decarbonization strategies.

The cold-adapted communities on the seafloor around Antarctica are vulnerable to environmental changes. This Review summarizes the regional variations in present and future benthic ecological changes driven by the impacts of climate change and acidification.

Harmful algal blooms degrade inland aquatic ecosystems and pose a risk to water security. This Review explores the underlying drivers of hotspots and global trends in harmful algal blooms, and identifies potential solutions for bloom monitoring and mitigation.

Mine tailings are voluminous and often toxic wastes, whose management is a global safety and sustainability challenge. This Review summarizes the major tailings storage facility disasters and impacts, emphasizing the urgent need for risk reduction approaches for management and policy.