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In-ear monitoring of brain states and of lactate in sweat
This issue highlights advances in the application of wearable, ingestible or implantable bioelectronic devices for the monitoring of health status, disease progression or the effectiveness of treatment. It also includes electronic scaffolds for tracking the migration of brain cells after injury, and implants that facilitate closed-loop neuromodulation in small animals.
The cover illustrates the integration, on an earbud, of sensors for brain activity (via electroencephalography, electrooculography and electrodermal activity) and of lactate levels (electrochemically, in sweat).
The management of health and of disease conditions will eventually be supported by ever more integrated and less conspicuous wireless bioelectronic devices designed to continuously monitor multiple biomarkers.
An integrated array of sensors can be seamlessly incorporated into a generic earphone, for the simultaneous monitoring of electrophysiological and electrochemical signals.
Metrics of cardiovascular health, such as vascular resistance and cardiac output, can be monitored via synchronized sensors for electrocardiography and multispectral photoplethysmography that are placed on the chest and peripherally.
During radiotherapy, an X-ray dosimeter in the gastrointestinal tract allows for the real-time monitoring of the absolute absorbed radiation dose alongside changes in pH and temperature, as shown in rabbits.
A battery-less and wireless integrated sensor implanted in the heart or in a blood vessel can measure blood pressure, flow rate and temperature simultaneously and in real time, as shown in large animal models.
Synchronized chest and peripheral skin sensors for the monitoring of vascular resistance, cardiac output and other metrics of cardiovascular health allow for the classification of haemodynamic states resulting from exposure to stressors.
A swallowable X-ray dosimeter detects the absolute absorbed radiation dose alongside changes in pH and temperature in the gastrointestinal tract of rabbits.
A tether-less and battery-less implant allows for the recording of electroencephalograms, electromyograms and body temperature in freely moving small animals, and for closed-loop neuromodulation via optogenetics and pharmacology.
Soft conducting polymer electrodes allowing for the continuous and precise localization of a target nerve during microsurgeries led to improved post-operative prognoses after tumour-resection surgeries in rats.
Laminin-coated branched electronic scaffolds injected into hydrogel-filled lesions and spanning deeper regions in the brains of mice promote and track the migration of host brain cells into the lesions.
A wearable electrochemical patch for the real-time monitoring of the biomarker C-reactive protein in sweat detects elevated concentrations of the protein in patients with acute or chronic inflammation.
An in-ear integrated array of sensors for electroencephalography, electrooculography and electrodermal activity and for lactate can be used to concurrently monitor brain states and lactate levels in sweat.