A framework for integrating continuous therapeutic monitoring and the development of AI for clinical care may improve patient and health-system outcomes by tightening feedback loops between patient health, clinical interactions and the development of AI models.

This Perspective discusses progress in the development of robotic capsules for oral drug delivery and the challenges of realizing sophisticated multifunctional robotic pills that can function as closed-loop systems.

This Perspective discusses fairness in machine learning and how algorithmic biases arising in clinical workflows can cause healthcare disparities.

This Review discusses the characteristics of neural probes that are most likely to facilitate the clinical translation of invasive neural interfaces, the abiotic and biotic factors that contribute to their failure and emerging neural-interface architectures.

The transplantation and long-term survival of hydrogel-encapsulated islets can be enhanced by first using a catheter to create a subcutaneous cavity and to trigger inflammation-induced local neovascularization.

A subcutaneous colon-specific niche consisting of colon epithelial cells, decellularized colon extracellular matrix and immunosuppressive nanofibres reduced inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract of mice with established ulcerative colitis.

Skin-microangiopathy phenotypes can be correlated with diabetes stage by leveraging clinically explainable morphophysiological features obtained from the analysis, via machine learning, of raster-scan optoacoustic mesoscopy images of skin on the leg.

Photoacoustic tomography using a single laser pulse and a single element functioning as thousands of virtual detectors allows for the volumetric capture of fast haemodynamic changes in the feet of human volunteers.

Barcoding individual cells with microparticles emitting near-infrared laser light enables the use of flow cytometry for the measurement of time-resolved single-cell dynamics with more markers and fewer colours.

Replacing the extracellular domains of heterodimeric cytokine receptors in chimeric antigen receptor T cells with two leucine zipper motifs leads to optimal JAK/STAT signalling and augments the effector function of the T cells.

Increasingly physiological in vitro models and techniques for measuring forces at multiple scales are enabling unanticipated findings in tissue mechanopathology.

The management of health and of disease conditions will eventually be supported by ever more integrated and less conspicuous wireless bioelectronic devices designed to continuously monitor multiple biomarkers.

Leverage curiosity, open-mindedness and the deliberate seeking of feedback.

Leveraging or improving established technology for clinical imaging to extract additional physiological information can enhance the quality of the subsequent assessments and widen the technology’s uses.

We provide a roadmap for overhauling faculty-hiring processes to eliminate barriers of entry to historically excluded groups.

Established reasoning behind yearly changes in impact factors is mostly flawed.