A void tens of metres in size below the Mare Tranquillitatis pit on the Moon is revealed by radar images from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. This finding implies that lava tubes or conduits are possibly common below lunar maria.

This Perspective presents the evidence in favour of and against the existence of an ancient ocean covering the Martian northern plains (Vastitas Borealis), discussing in particular the contribution of the Chinese Zhurong rover observations in supporting the presence of an ocean and the key role of the upcoming sample return.

A comprehensive inventory of the carbon footprints of 1,211 ground-based astronomical observatories and space missions over a period of 78 years is used to model the expected future annual carbon footprint from astronomical research infrastructures.

Through a joint analysis of radial velocity and astrometry, Wang et al. have discovered a putative mass-gap black hole candidate in a wide binary system. Its wide circular orbit challenges current binary evolution and supernova explosion theories.

The hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of ultra-carbonaceous Antarctic micrometeorites reveal that they are possibly linked with N-bearing volatile species, including primordial N₂, condensed on the coldest objects of the Solar System.

Machine learning provides an opportunity to probe dark matter in massive galaxy clusters, more precisely and hundreds of times faster than current methods.

The spin of Sagittarius A* from Event Horizon Telescope observations is compatible with a historical merger with a 4:1 mass ratio, according to a model. This finding supports the idea that supermassive black holes grow through hierarchical mergers.

A deep map of the diffuse gas surrounding a nearby galaxy reveals changes in the physical conditions: a mark of the boundary between the edge of the galaxy and the onset of the circumgalactic medium, the dominant reservoir of normal matter.

The rocky disk surrounding the young Sun may have experienced a close flyby of another star. Simulations show that a highly inclined flyby of a star slightly smaller than the Sun at 100 au almost perfectly reproduces the orbits of the numerous small objects beyond Neptune.

While the early 2020s are seeing a resurgence in new space-based X-ray missions — including the NASA-led Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer — a stalwart of the field, Chandra, faces an uncertain future.