Figures, tables and video
From the following article
Anatomy and development and physiology of the larynx
Clarence T. Sasaki
GI Motility online (2006)
doi:10.1038/gimo7
Figure 1
Structure and function of the larynx viewed phylogenetically (according to Negus)
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Figure 4
Frontal section through the human larynx demonstrating the valvular structure of the false and true cords.
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Figure 5
Laryngoscopic view of the intrinsic muscles responsible for activating vocal cord position.
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Figure 7
Stimulation of right internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve.
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Figure 8
Intrathoracic pressure is plotted with respect to time (t) in the spontaneously breathing animal.
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Figure 9
Threshold of the adductor reflex is plotted with respect to respiratory phase.
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Figure 10
Threshold of the adductor reflex is plotted with respect to arterial pCO2.
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Figure 11
The increasing pattern of adductor responses (upper) and integrated responses (lower) by 8-Hz stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) (0.6 V, 0.1 msec) under conditions of (a) pCO2 60 mmHg; (b) pCO2 40 mmHg; and (c) pCO2 25 mmHg.
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Figure 12
Threshold of the adductor reflex is plotted with respect to arterial pO2.
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Figure 13
The pattern of adductor responses (upper) and integrated responses (lower) by 8-Hz stimulation of SLN (0.6 V, 0.1 msec) under conditions of (a) pO2 25 mmHg; (b) pO2 100 mmHg; and (c) pO2 150 mmHg.
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Figure 14
Threshold of the adductor reflex is plotted with respect to intrathoracic pressure.
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Figure 15
Influence of body temperature on threshold and latency in (a) 3-week-old puppies; (b) 6-week-old puppies; (c) 12-week-old puppies; (d) adult dogs.
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Figure 16
Influence of body temperature on threshold in four age groups.
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Figure 17
Evoked adductor responses elicited by single-shock stimulation of SLN in (a) 3-week-old puppies; (b) 6-week-old puppies; (c) 12-week-old puppies; (d) adult dogs. S, stimulus artifact.
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Figure 18
Influence of body temperature on latency in four age groups.
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Figure 21
Cricothyroid EMG (upper tracing) and phrenic EMG (lower tracing).
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Figure 22
Glottic alteration produced by cricothyroid (CT) and posterior cricoarytenoid action (PCA) alone and in combination.
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Figure 23
Cricothyroid response to mechanical ventilation at rates of (a) 20 per minute, (b) 30 per minute, (c) 40 per minute.
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Figure 24
Duration of positive pressure stimulation determines duration of cricothyroid-evoked activity.
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Figure 25
a: Vagotomy produces spontaneous inspiratory hyperactivity of cricothyroid motoneurons.
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Figure 26
The threshold of cricothyroid elicitation in response to rate of tracheal pressure change measures 30 cmH2O/sec in normocapnia.
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Figure 27
Thyroarytenoid action potentials elicited by single-shock stimuli applied to the ipsilateral superior laryngeal nerve.
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Figure 28
Thyroarytenoid action potentials elicited by repetitive stimulation of ipsilateral superior laryngeal nerve in control dogs.
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Figure 29
Thyroarytenoid action potentials elicited by superior laryngeal stimulation in tracheostomized dogs.
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Figure 30
Thyroarytenoid action potentials produced by 16-Hz superior laryngeal stimulation in chronically tracheostomized dogs.
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Figure 34
Organizational model of the glottic closure reflex pathway demonstrating the effect of a unilateral SLN section.
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Figure 35
Organizational model demonstrating the effect of converting a unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) section (a) to a combined unilateral RLN-superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) section (b) when motor neurons involved ipsilaterally are exceeded by those contralaterally.
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Figure 36
Organizational model demonstrating the effect of converting a unilateral RLN section (a) to a combined unilateral RLN-SLN section (b) when motor neurons involved ipsilaterally are exceeded by those contralaterally.
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Figure 37
Organizational model demonstrating the effect of converting a unilateral RLN section (a) to a combined unilateral RLN-SLN section (b) when motor neurons involved ipsilaterally outnumber those contralaterally.
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Table 3
Efficiency and latency of responses to stimulation of branches of the superior laryngeal nerves
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Effect of core temperature and age on threshold of the adductor reflex in beagles*
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Effect of core temperature and age on latency of the adductor reflex in beagles*
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Effect of section of different laryngeal nerves on glottic closure force in man (glottic closing force in mmHg)
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Percent reduction in glottic closing force by section of different laryngeal nerves*
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