Figure 12 - Three mechanisms involved in the regulation of basal LES tone.
From the following article
Physiology of esophageal motility
Hiroshi Mashimo and Raj K. Goyal
GI Motility online (2006)
doi:10.1038/gimo3
Excitatory cholinergic nerves (ACh) and the tonic myogenic property of the LES favor contraction, whereas the inhibitory nitrergic (NO) pathway favors inhibition. The LES remains contracted owing to its myogenic property when it is completely denervated as in advanced achalasia.
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