GI Motility Online

Table 4 - Etiologies of muscular dysfunction

From the following article

Oral, pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter motility disorders

Benson T. Massey and Reza Shaker

GI Motility online (2006)

doi:10.1038/gimo19

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Infectious/inflammatory/immunePoly(dermato)myositis
 Inclusion body myositis
 Myasthenia gravis
 Trichinella
 Sarcoidosis
Degenerative/metabolicMitochondrial (Kearns-Sayre syndrome)
 Myotonic dystrophy
 Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy
 Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
 Hyper/hypothyroidism
Trauma 
IatrogenicSurgical resection
 Radiation
 Steroid myopathy
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