GI Motility Online

Table 1 - Studies of breathing and swallowing coordination

From the following article

Coordination of respiration and swallowing

Bonnie Martin-Harris

GI Motility online (2006)

doi:10.1038/gimo10

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YearResearchersSubjectsNormal (N)/Disordered (D)Bolus texture and volumeRespiratory phaseApnea durationRecording method

Source: Modified from Edgar.140

CVA cerebral vascular accident

MS multiple sclerosis

MND motor neuron disease

PD – Parkinson's disease

OSCCA Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

1920ClarkN = 17NSolid food88.5 % EX before swallow, 11.5% IN before swallowM = 1.5 sStethograph
Liquid (water)71.0% EX before swallow, 29.0% IN before swallowM = 1.4 s
1985Nishino, Yonezawa, & Honda25–35 yrsNSaliva82% EX before swallowM = 1.13 sHot-wire respiratory flow-meter (mouthpiece)
Water84% EX before swallowM = 1.06 s
1989 a, bSelley, Flack, Ellis, & Brooks18–30 yrsN18–30 yrsFruit juice: 5 mL67% EX before swallow
33% IN before swallow
95% EX after swallow
5% IN after swallow		M = 0.6 sNasal canula
60–90 yrs60–90 yrsM = 1.0 s
41–84 yrsDCVAi43% IN after swallowM = 1.2 s
MSM = 1.3 s
MNDM = 1.1 s
1989Smith, Wolcove, Colacone, & Kreisman22–45 yrs (men only)N2 glasses of water in 1–2 minutes"Most common" EX–EX
16% IN–EX
0.7% IN–IN		Not statedRespiratory inductive plethysmography
2 doughnuts in 5–10 minutes
1991Martin (dissertation)        
       Group IGroup II 
1992Preiksaitis, Mayrand, Robins, & Diamant20–48 yrs
Group I:
A marked decrease in apnea duration with increasing bolus size
Group II:
No change in apnea duration when comparing a nonbolus swallow with 5-mL bolus but gradual increase in apnea duration from 5 to 20 mL		NNo bolus71.4% EX-EX
17.8% IN-EX
10.1% EX-IN
1.1% IN-IN		67.5% EX-EX
11.1% IN-EX
19.8% EX-IN
1.6% IN-IN		Not statedNasal canula
5 mL72.7% EX-EX
23.6% IN-EX
3.6% EX-IN
0% IN-IN		M = 2.33 sM = 1.29 s
10 mL78.2% EX-EX
21.8% IN-EX
0% EX-IN
0% IN-IN		M = 0.99 sM = 1.23 s
15 mL72.6% EX-EX
23.5% IN-EX
3.9% EX-IN
0% IN-IN		M = 0.96 sM = 1.55 s
20 mL67.5% EX-EX
11.1% IN-EX
19.8% EX-IN
1.6% IN-IN		M = 0.86 sM = 2.42 s
1992Shaker, Li, Ren, Townsend, Dodds, Martin, Kern, & RydersYoung: 18–34 yrs
Elderly: 63–83 yrs		NDry swallow at rest; dry swallow with tachypnea; water: 5 mL at rest; water: 5 mL with tachypneaEX likely before swallow in young; IN likely before swallow in elderly; approx90% EX after swallowDecreased apneic period with increased respiratory rate; water swallows similar to dry swallowsStethograph
1994Edgar (dissertation)50–85 yrs Water: 10 mL95% EX after swallow  
1994Martin, Logemann, Shaker, & Dodds17–30 yrsNWater: 3, 10, 20 mL100% EX after swallow; 94% EX before swallow with endoscope, 100% otherwiseM = 1.09 plusminus 0.27 sRespiratory inductive plethysmography
NWater: 100 mL (cup)85% EX before wallow,
62% EX after swallow;
46.1% EX-EX
38.5% EX-IN
15.4% IN-EX		M = 7.71 plusminus 5.51 s
1995McFarland & Lund19–33 yrsNCarrot: 1 cm3>89% EX before swallowNot StatedRespiratory inductive plethysmography
1996Preiksaitis & Mills19–25 yrsNWater: 5, 10, 20 mL; Kool-Aid (thin, thick, syrup, semisolid): 5 mL; cookie: 1 bite92.5% EX after swallow regardless of volume; 77% EX-EX regardless of consistencyM = 0.46–1.37 sRespiratory inductive plethysmography
200 mL waterEX before swallow preferred (25–30% was IN)Cup: M = approx0.85 s
Straw: M = approx0.65 s
(interpretation from histogram)
1999Klahn & Perlman18–25 yrsNWater100% EX before swallow
93% before swallow in males, 100% in females		Male: M = 0.76 s
Female: M = 0.73 s		Nasal canula
Applesauce100% EX before swallow; 89% before swallow for both gendersMale: M = 0.74 s
Female: M = 0.76 s
2000Hadjikoutis, Pickersgill, Dawson, & Wiles21–73 yrsNTepid water: 5 mL91% EX after swallow; 9% IN after swallow (only with 20 mL on 50% of swallowsNot statedIntranasal pressure instrument
Tepid water: 10 mL
Tepid water: 20 mL
21–76 yrsD (various neurologic disorders)Tepid water: 5 mL91% IN after swallowM = 1.8 s
Tepid water: 10 mLM = 2.9 s
Tepid water: 20 mLM = 4.0 s
2000Perlman, Etterna, & Barkmeier20–29 yrsNLiquid barium: 5 mL79% EX before swallow; 96% EX after swallowM = 0.788 sNasal canula
Liquid barium: 10 mLM = 0.742 s
Barium paste: 5 mLM = 0.914 s
2000Pinnington, Muhiddin, Ellis, & PlayfordM = 78 yrsNLiquid: 5 mL (water or orange squash)88% EX before swallow, 12% IN before swallow; 99% EX after swallowNot statedNasal canula
M = 68 yrsD (PDii)83% EX before swallow, 10% IN before swallow, 7% apneic before swallow; 80% EX after swallow
2001Hiss, Treole, & Stuart20–39 yrs (young)
40–59 yrs (middle aged)
60–83 yrs (elderly)		NSaliva62% EX-EX;
75% EX before swallow, 86% EX after swallow;
No difference between age groups		Not statedMeans
Young: M = 0.84 s
Middle aged: M = 0.92 s
Elderly: M = 1.10 s		Nasal canula
Liquid: 10 mLM = 0.87 s
Liquid: 15 mLM = 0.91 s
Liquid: 20 mLM = 0.95 s
Liquid: 25 mLM = 1.09 s
2002Hirst, Ford, Gibson, & Wilson62–84 yrsNWater: 5 mL91% EX after swallow
9% IN after swallow		Median: 1.06 sNasal thermistor
Water: 20 mLMedian: 1.24 s
Water: 100 mL (cup)78.5% EX after swallowMedian: 3 breaths/swallow
Water: 100 mL (straw)64% EX after swallowMedian: 2 breaths/swallow
2002Leslie, Drinnan, Ford, & Wilson20–78 yrsNWater: 5 mL98% EX after swallowM: 0.76 sNasal canula
Yogurt: 5 mL80% EX after swallowM: 0.75 s
51–82 yrsD (CVA)Water: 5 mL83% EX after swallowM: 0.77 s
Yogurt: 5 mL89% EX after swallowM: 0.69 s
2003Martin-Harris, Brodsky, Price, Michel, & Walters21–40NLiquid barium: 5 mLTrial 1:
79% EX-EX
21% IN-EX
Trial 2:
82% EX-EX
18% IN-EX		M = 1.76 s
Range = 0.6-7.34 s
75% of subjects 1 s		Nasal canula
2004Martin-Harris, Brodsky, Michel, Gillespie, & Day42–79NLiquid barium: 5 mL72.5% EX-EX
5.0% EX-IN
20.0% IN-EX
2.5% IN-IN		M = 1.7 sNasal canula
44–78D
OSCCA		Liquid barium: 5 mL37.5% EX-EX
10.0% EX-IN
50.0% IN-EX
2.5% IN-IN		M = 3.4 sNasal canula
2005Martin-Harris, Brodsky, Michel, Ford, Walters, Heffner21–97NLiquid barium: 5 mLTrial 1:
71% EX-EX
22% IN-EX
Trial 2:
75% EX-EX
18% IN-EX		Median = 1.00 sNasal canula
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