Technical advancements in single-cell genomics have improved our understanding of molecular and genetic regulation. All cell types in the human body can now be characterized using single-cell multi-omics analyses, which help uncover the complex genetic and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms and indicate cellular interactions within tissues.

Host-microbiome interactions have been demonstrated to influence various aspects of human biology in health and disease. Microbes are involved in the development and fine-tuning of the immune system, as well as various pathologies, such as gut inflammation, neurological disorders and cancers.

Population ageing will likely lead to an increase in the prevalence of bone diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, thereby increasing the financial burden among both diseased and unaffected people.

The special issue provides comprehensive reviews of the UFP and related effects on human health and disorders, which is an invaluable resource for understanding the current status and future perspectives of UFP management.