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Photodetectors based on graphene, other two-dimensional materials and hybrid systems

Nature Nanotechnology volume 9, pages 780–793 (2014)Cite this article

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Abstract

Graphene and other two-dimensional materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides, have rapidly established themselves as intriguing building blocks for optoelectronic applications, with a strong focus on various photodetection platforms. The versatility of these material systems enables their application in areas including ultrafast and ultrasensitive detection of light in the ultraviolet, visible, infrared and terahertz frequency ranges. These detectors can be integrated with other photonic components based on the same material, as well as with silicon photonic and electronic technologies. Here, we provide an overview and evaluation of state-of-the-art photodetectors based on graphene, other two-dimensional materials, and hybrid systems based on the combination of different two-dimensional crystals or of two-dimensional crystals and other (nano)materials, such as plasmonic nanoparticles, semiconductors, quantum dots, or their integration with (silicon) waveguides.

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Figure 1: Photodetection mechanisms.
Figure 2: Metal–graphene–metal and graphene–semiconductor heterojunction photodetectors.
Figure 3: Photodetection enhancement by metallic plasmonic nanostructures and intrinsic plasmons.
Figure 4: Graphene-based bolometers.
Figure 5: Sensitized graphene photoconductive photodetectors.
Figure 6: Antenna-coupled graphene FET terahertz detector.
Figure 7: Photodetection in a 1L-MoS2 and in a SLG/WS2/SLG heterostructure.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge A. Tomadin, V. Pellegrini, A. Tredicucci, J. Song, K-J. Tielrooij, L. Levitov, P. Jarillo-Herrero, F. Bonaccorso, S. Kar, A. Kis, E. Lidorikis and T. J. Echtermeyer for useful discussions. We acknowledge funding from the EU Graphene Flagship (contract no. 604391), The Italian Ministry of Education, University, and Research (MIUR) through the program 'FIRB—Futuro in Ricerca 2010', Projects PLASMOGRAPH (Grant No. RBFR10M5BT) and FRONTIER (grant number RBFR10LULP), the Fundacicio Cellex Barcelona, the Career integration grant 294056 (GRANOP), ERC grants CarbonLight, Hetero2D, the Austrian Science Fund FWF (START Y-539), EU grants GENIUS, MEM4WIN, EPSRC Grants EP/K01711X/1, EP/K017144/1, EP/L016087/1 and a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain

    F. H. L. Koppens

  2. Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Photonics, Guβhausstraβe 27–29, Vienna, 1040, Austria

    T. Mueller

  3. IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, 10598, USA

    Ph. Avouris

  4. Cambridge Graphene Centre, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK

    A. C. Ferrari

  5. NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, I-56126, Italy

    M. S. Vitiello & M. Polini

  6. Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Graphene Labs, Via Morego 30, Genova, I-16163, Italy

    M. Polini

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  1. F. H. L. Koppens
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Correspondence to F. H. L. Koppens.

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Koppens, F., Mueller, T., Avouris, P. et al. Photodetectors based on graphene, other two-dimensional materials and hybrid systems. Nature Nanotech 9, 780–793 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.215

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