Although “science remains institutionally sexist”(Nature 495, 21; 2013), gender inequality does not operate on its own. It is mediated by other inequalities, such as social class and race, which intersect.

Of the four researchers you use to illustrate the contribution of young, driven women to the scientific landscape (Nature 495, 28–31; 2013), at least two come from families in which both parents were scientists. This could well have habituated them in scientific practice from an early age. The reality is that most female scientists-in-training struggle to find female role models to smooth their transition into an academic career.

This effect is particularly isolating for women of African or Caribbean origin, who are among the most under-represented groups in the sciences.

We call for rigorous qualitative research into the interaction of all these factors so that the occupational field can be cleared of cultural disadvantages for aspiring women and minority scientists.