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Conflicting observations on the relationship between Large Igneous Provinces and continental break-up can be accounted for by classifying them based on the extent to which they do or do not influence lithospheric rupture
Inter-model variability of global soil respiration estimates has increased, highlighting the urgency to understand model uncertainty and the need for an accurate estimate of global soil respiration, according to a review of historical data-driven spatiotemporal estimates.
Nutritional life cycle assessments can help achieve sustainability in complex food systems through simultaneously accounting for trade-offs between environmental footprints and nutritional value, as illustrated by a functional unit assessment based on priority micronutrient value.
Independent observation-based model validation and improved information flow between predictive and conceptual models are needed to enhance confidence in soil organic carbon predictions, suggests a review of 250 soil organic carbon models.
Capacity building and engagement are crucial to support science-led sustainable ocean policies that are integrated, interdisciplinary and internationally collaborative as well as being effective at a range of temporal and spatial scales.
Improvements in coastal shallow water geophysical technologies and drilling must be coupled with numerical modelling in order to close the knowledge gaps that exist around coastal aquifers, suggests a synthesis of methodological challenges and future possibilities.
Instances of high-intensity wildfires which generate a fire-cloud chimney reaching all the way to the stratosphere have risen since 2013, signaling a need for closer monitoring and analysis, suggests a synthesis of confirmed occurrences.
Agriculture can be transformed to enhance farmland biodiversity and food systems’ sustainability through agroecological principles tailored to the current interplay between farmland biodiversity and agricultural production on all agricultural land.
Restoring degraded peatlands can return them to a state of net carbon sequestration and enhance their ecosystem resilience, highlighting the importance of peatland protection and restoration in climate mitigation, according to a synthesis of evidence from temperate and high latitude peatlands.
Mineral doping of biomass prior to pyrolysis enhances carbon dioxide removal associated with biochar application to soils due to increased stable carbon yield, while also improving biochar fertiliser value through added nutrients and enhanced phosphorus availability.
Coupling between the stratosphere and the troposphere contributes to extreme events at the Earth’s surface, and can help with predictability on timescales from weeks to decades, according to a synthesis of the influence of the stratosphere on surface climate.
Comparing historical carbon dioxide emissions with past projections shows that historical trends have fluctuated around the middle of the projected ranges. Because temporal and geographical variability is high, it is important to use a wide range of emission scenarios.
A concerted observational campaign in the North Atlantic could help improve forecasts of atmospheric rivers and their impacts via a synthesis of advances in reconnaissance and numerical weather prediction.
Understanding of Antarctic krill must be at the heart of krill fishery management in order to protect the stock and its predators, according to a synthesis of krill ecology research.