Climate change effects magnified an intense heat dome over western North America leading to record breaking fire-conducive weather, widespread burning and extreme fire activity in Canada and the United States in July 2021, suggest an analysis of upper air and surface weather.

Icelandic volcanic systems showed increased and prolonged activity over the period 751 to 940, challenging the concept of a medieval quiet period, according to an analysis of cryptotephras, sulfur isotopes and heavy metals from seven Greenland ice cores.

In the United States, green infrastructure may be less energy and carbon-intensive than gray infrastructure and generate substantial carbon credit revenue, accelerating water quality trading, according to an analysis of data on impaired waters, technologies, and life cycle accounting.

The fire ban implemented during burning seasons in the Brazilian Amazon helped reduce the number of fires in 2019 but proved largely ineffective in 2020 and 2021, according to an analysis of observed fires activity and model simulations of expected fires in the absence of a ban over 2019–2021.

Intense rainfall events resulting from strong atmospheric river activity two and three millennia ago exceeded those of the 20th century around Leonard Lake, California, according to a 3,200-year reconstruction of integrated vapor transport derived from sediment geochemical data.

Reductions in groundwater level due to El Niño-induced drought events changed an undrained tropical peat swamp forest from a carbon dioxide sink to a source with cumulative impacts of drainage and smoke haze further enhancing long term emissions, suggest long-term field experiments in Indonesia.

Uncertainties associated with the choice of dry indicators impact future projections of compound hot-dry extremes and are greater than scenario uncertainty in some regions, according to an analysis of different indices from multi-model ensemble simulations.

Iceflow acceleration in Greenland has propagated deep inland, even outside fast-flowing channels, in the region upstream of Jakobshavn Isbrae, according to in-situ measurements at eleven locations with measurements going back to 1959.

Oceanic deoxygenation began about one million years earlier than the marine End-Permian mass extinction, as indicated by variations in magnetic mineral assemblages and geochemical anomalies.

A total of 114,000 ± 9,400 km³ of precipitation falls on land each year with high dataset consensus over tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions, and low agreement over arid and mountain regions, according to an analysis of 17 precipitation datasets over the period 2000-2019.

Attribution of the record-shattering global annual heat in 2023 to human and/or natural factors is fundamentally required for reliable predictions of upcoming global warming and its impacts. An observation-model comparison of global hot areas supports a key role for human-induced climate change, with a small contribution from El Niño.

In northern China and the Korean Peninsula, air pollution has worsened over the past ten years, but the two countries have not cooperated efficiently to resolve the problem. China and Korea must separate environmental negotiations and diplomatic actions to address the transboundary nature of air pollution.

Oxygen levels in the ocean increased three times between the early Ediacaran and the early Cambrian, in synchrony with major developments in animal evolution.

In 2021, one in five people in Africa was affected by hunger, and the continent had the highest prevalence of undernourished people globally. We argue that food systems in Africa can be more resilient if their development includes climate adaptation.

Large language models can summarize, aggregate, and convey localized climate-related data to people in a cost-effective and expeditious manner. This Comment introduces a simple, proof-of-concept prototype and argues that the approach holds the potential to truly democratize climate information.

The lived experiences of the full diversity of people facing climate change must be taken into account for climate adaptation to be effective and to avoid maladaptation.