Record-low sea ice coverage around Antarctica in 2022 and 2023 co-occurred with substantial subsurface ocean warming, which could be indicative of a change in the mechanisms that govern Antarctic sea ice, suggests an analysis of sea ice extent and ocean temperatures since 1979.

African lions in Maze and Bush-Bush National Parks in Ethiopia and Somalia are the most fragile populations in Africa due to high ecological and socio-political threats, suggests an analysis of free-ranging lion populations in Africa.

Atmospheric methane trends over recent decades are driven by anthropogenic emissions with modifying effects of hydroxyl radical through anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide and variable wetland emissions, suggest simulations from a combined numerical modelling approach.

A benchmarking study of five satellite-derived shoreline mapping algorithms at four sandy beaches demonstrates a horizontal accuracy of 10 m in microtidal conditions, but deteriorating accuracy in meso- and macrotidal environments.

Extreme precipitation events were more frequent during cold than warm intervals of the Holocene in the Asian monsoon region, suggests a reconstruction of lake level changes from Lake Ximenglongtan, China.

Combining advanced mitigation technologies with behavioural changes could achieve the lowest carbon emissions per capita in Sweden, suggest scenario analyses combining bottom-up simulations for passenger travel, construction and housing, and food, and top-down analyses for remaining consumption.

Throughout the period of accelerated Arctic warming in the past few decades, trends in mid-latitude cold extremes were not detectable, contrary to some expectations, suggesting that the physical links are still unclear, finds an analysis of observations.

Current cereal crop production levels could be sustained with significantly reduced total global fertilisation if nitrogen fertiliser use is evenly distributed across global croplands, according to an analysis of simulations from the LandscapeDNDC biogeochemical model

Samples returned from Ryugu contain fresher material than the space weathered outer asteroid surface observed by remote sensing, according to a comparison of spectral data from returned samples, orbital observations and Murchison meteorite samples.

Unmanaged land areas are not included in current national reports on greenhouse gas emissions for the Paris Agreement. Here, we argue that carbon dioxide fluxes from all forest land need to be recorded in order to help tracking progress towards global climate targets.

The drivers of trends in methane concentrations in the atmosphere over past decades are still poorly understood. Simulations from a chemistry transport model and box model show that human activity is the main driver of a complex system.

Climate change and unsustainable land-use practices are causing megafires in South America. Here we call for rigorous scientific coordination and global cooperation to claim back landscape planning, mitigate fire risk and foster resilience in the region.

India’s green revolution has made the country a world leader in rice and wheat production, but at the expense of people and the environment. Here, we call for transformative changes in its agriculture to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining production levels.

Climate change is projected to affect migration patterns, mortality, and fertility in the most vulnerable places in the global tropics. An analysis of population growth and exposure to climate extremes in twenty-nine tropical countries shows that heat and drought lead to altered population distributions but not to depopulation.

Exposure to poor air quality can damage human health and incur associated costs. The severity of these impacts is not uniform around the globe, but depends on the health and density of the populations.