A major part of the increase in Earth’s energy imbalance observed during the period 2001–2019 can be attributed to a reduction in anthropogenic aerosol emissions, according to an analysis of observations of top-of-atmosphere radiative flux and multi-model ensemble simulations.

Future global warming and intensifying heat extremes will have strong, non-linear and persistent upward impacts on inflation across the world, according to an analysis that combines physical projections with causal historical impacts determined by fixed-effects regression analysis.

Aerosol misrepresentations in many regional climate models largely explain why their simulations underestimate the summer warming in Western Europe in the past 40 years, according to a multi-model analysis.

Microbial sulfur oxidation in the stream channel during periods of high flow, along with erosion, modulates carbonate weathering and carbon dioxide cycling in a rapidly uplifting catchment in Taiwan, according to combined analyses of riverine geochemistry and microbial communities.

The fire ban implemented during burning seasons in the Brazilian Amazon helped reduce the number of fires in 2019 but proved largely ineffective in 2020 and 2021, according to an analysis of observed fires activity and model simulations of expected fires in the absence of a ban over 2019–2021.

An extensive collapse of the south Scandinavian Caledonides is evident from large-scale folding and shear zones observed in the offshore basement of the North Sea Rift, using modern 3D broadband seismic data.

Methane emissions from agriculture and waste increased between 1990 and 2020 while fossil fuel emissions decreased until 2004 and subsequently stabilised, suggest isotopic observations of methane emissions and atmospheric chemistry modelling.

Assemblages of benthic macroalgae and crustose coralline algae observed at depths greater than 70 m off the Antarctic coast are estimated to potentially contribute between 0.9 and 2.8% of global macroalgae carbon fixation, suggest benthic surveys and primary production modelling.

Restricted rate of forest regeneration observed two years after the 2018 fires in boreal Fennoscandia coincides with higher concentrations of soil bacterial decomposers under increasing mean annual temperature, according to a survey of vegetation regrowth patterns in 49 conifers from Sweden.

The Isua Supercrustal Belt in Greenland hosts sedimentary rocks that were deposited 3.7 billion years ago in the forearc environment of an active convergent plate boundary, suggesting subduction-related plate tectonics in the Eoarchean, as indicated by geochemical data and tectonostratigraphic analyses of an 80-m drill core.

Oxygen levels in the ocean increased three times between the early Ediacaran and the early Cambrian, in synchrony with major developments in animal evolution.

In 2021, one in five people in Africa was affected by hunger, and the continent had the highest prevalence of undernourished people globally. We argue that food systems in Africa can be more resilient if their development includes climate adaptation.

Large language models can summarize, aggregate, and convey localized climate-related data to people in a cost-effective and expeditious manner. This Comment introduces a simple, proof-of-concept prototype and argues that the approach holds the potential to truly democratize climate information.

The lived experiences of the full diversity of people facing climate change must be taken into account for climate adaptation to be effective and to avoid maladaptation.

Emissions intensity is a more appropriate metric for assessing individual firms’ carbon efficiency than correlations between unscaled carbon emissions and stock market performance, and the latter should be interpreted with caution.

Given the escalating climate crisis, the task of integrating novel carbon dioxide removals into the European Union’s climate policy is urgent and long overdue. This Comment argues that there is a window of opportunity for responding now, and puts forward a solution.