Focus

Climate change countdown

The countdown is on to reach a legally binding agreement between all nations on actions to mitigate climate change. In 2011, the United Nations Climate Change Conference agreed that such a deal will be in place by 2015, and implemented by 2020. In this joint web Focus, timed to coincide with the New York Climate Summit, Nature Geoscience and Nature Climate Change present a series of overview articles and opinion pieces that take stock of emissions and climate change uncertainties and discuss potential ways forward.

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Editorial

Nature Geoscience: Over to the diplomats

doi:10.1038/ngeo2266

Guidance for mitigation action should come from the insights that global mean temperatures respond to cumulative carbon emissions and that there are risks beyond warming alone. Momentum for the negotiations requires a sense of opportunity.

Nature Climate Change: Science that matters

doi:10.1038/nclimate2398

Climate change research can influence policy decisions, but needs to stretch its boundaries.


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Commentary

Nature Climate Change: Betting on negative emissions

Sabine Fuss, Josep G. Canadell, Glen P. Peters, Massimo Tavoni, Robbie M. Andrew, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Chris D. Jones, Florian Kraxner, Nebosja Nakicenovic, Corinne Le Quéré, Michael R. Raupach, Ayyoob Sharifi, Pete Smith & Yoshiki Yamagata

doi:10.1038/nclimate2392

Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage could be used to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thereby achieving 'negative emissions'. However, its credibility as a climate change mitigation option is unproven and its widespread deployment in climate stabilization scenarios might become a dangerous distraction.

Nature Geoscience: Cumulative emissions and climate policy

David J. Frame, Adrian H. Macey & Myles R. Allen

doi:10.1038/ngeo2254

The emerging scientific focus on cumulative carbon emissions may make climate negotiations harder. But, it serves to clarify the scale and scope of climate mitigation needed to meet potential temperature targets.

Nature Climate Change: Copenhagen II or something new

David G. Victor

doi:10.1038/nclimate2396

For the first time since the heartbreaking 2009 Copenhagen Climate Change Conference, serious diplomatic momentum is building towards a new climate agreement. But expectations must be kept in check. Making science more useful to such policy efforts will result in much better strategies for integrating insights from social scientists who study human behaviour.

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Perspectives

Nature Geoscience: Atmospheric circulation as a source of uncertainty in climate change projections

Theodore G. Shepherd

doi:10.1038/ngeo2253

Scientific confidence in climate change effects is much higher for aspects related to global patterns of surface temperature, than for circulation. Circulation will remain hard to predict, necessitating a risk-based approach to decision making.

Nature Climate Change: Sharing a quota on cumulative carbon emissions

Michael R. Raupach, Steven J. Davis, Glen P. Peters, Robbie M. Andrew, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Pierre Friedlingstein, Frank Jotzo, Detlef P. van Vuuren & Corinne Le Quéré

doi:10.1038/nclimate2384

Future cumulative CO2 emissions consistent with a given warming limit are a finite common global resource that countries need to share — a carbon quota. Strategies to share a quota consistent with a 2 °C warming limit range from keeping the present distribution to reaching an equal per-capita distribution of cumulative emissions. This Perspective shows that a blend of these endpoints is the most viable solution.

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Review

Nature Geoscience: Persistent growth of CO2 emissions and implications for reaching climate targets

P. Friedlingstein, R. M. Andrew, J. Rogelj, G. P. Peters, J. G. Canadell, R. Knutti, G. Luderer, M. R. Raupach, M. Schaeffer, D. P. van Vuuren, C. Le Quéré

doi:10.1038/ngeo2248

In order to limit climate warming, CO2 emissions must remain below fixed quota. An evaluation of past emissions suggests that at 2014 emissions rates, the total quota will probably be exhausted within the next 30 years.


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From the archives

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Editorials

Nature Geoscience: Farm and bench

doi:10.1038/ngeo2163

Climate change could compromise food security over the coming century. Scientists working towards mitigation and adaptation have to win over those who work on the land.

Nature Geoscience: Déjà vu on climate change

doi:10.1038/ngeo1983

The latest report on global warming brings yet another rise in confidence that human actions are altering the Earth's climate. But in contrast to its 2007 predecessor, it is unlikely to cause a stir.

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Correspondence

Nature Climate Change: Rapid growth in CO2 emissions after the 2008–2009 global financial crisis

Glen Peters et al.

doi:10.1038/nclimate1332

Nature Geoscience: Committed climate warming

H. Damon Matthews & Andrew J. Weaver

doi:10.1038/ngeo813

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Commentary

Nature Climate Change: The climate policy narrative for a dangerously warming world

Todd Sanford et al.

doi:10.1038/nclimate2148

It is time to acknowledge that global average temperatures are likely to rise above the 2 °C policy target and consider how that deeply troubling prospect should affect priorities for communicating and managing the risks of a dangerously warming climate.

Nature Geoscience: China's carbon conundrum

Ye Qi et al.

doi:10.1038/ngeo1870

China's carbon dioxide emissions are rising fast. Yet, per capita, gross domestic product and energy use are only a fraction of their United States equivalents. With a growing urban middle class, the trend will continue, but there is progress on the path to a low-carbon economy.

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Perspective

Nature Climate Change: A compromise to break the climate impasse

Marco Grasso & Timmons Roberts

doi:10.1038/nclimate2259

2014 is a critical year for preparing for the 2015 deadline to settle a new international agreement on measures to tackle climate change. This Perspective offers a number of compromises designed to help overcome the present impasse in global climate negotiations.

Nature Climate Change: Impact of delay in reducing carbon dioxide emissions

Myles R. Allen & Thomas F. Stocker

doi:10.1038/nclimate2077

Recent reports of a lower climate sensitivity to CO2 emissions have been used to suggest that the need for mitigation is not as urgent as previously thought. This Perspective investigates how quickly committed peak warming would increase if mitigation is delayed. Peak warming is found to increase in line with cumulative CO2 emissions, faster than current observed warming.

Nature Climate Change: Untangling the confusion around land carbon science and climate change mitigation policy

Brendan Mackey et al.

doi:10.1038/nclimate1804

Two important aims of mitigation policy are to maintain land carbon stocks and reduce terrestrial ecosystem-based emissions. This Perspective discusses the scientific issues involved, argues that current negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change are not solidly grounded in science, and proposes some ways forward.

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Progress Article

Nature Geoscience: Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide

Corinne Le Quere et al.

doi:10.1038/ngeo689

Thermoelectric power in Europe and the United States is vulnerable to climate change. Here research relates lower summer river flows and higher river water temperatures as a result of climate change to thermoelectric plant capacity. Summer average capacity can decrease by 6.3–19% in Europe and 4.4–16% in the United States, depending on the cooling system type and climate scenario for 2031–2060.

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Review

Nature Geoscience: Anthropogenic perturbation of the carbon fluxes from land to ocean

Pierre Regnier et al.

doi:10.1038/ngeo1830

A substantial amount of atmospheric carbon taken up on land is transported laterally from upland terrestrial ecosystems to the ocean. A synthesis of the available literature suggests that human activities have significantly increased soil carbon inputs to inland waters, but have only slightly affected carbon delivery to the open ocean.

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Letters

Nature Geoscience: Similar spatial patterns of climate responses to aerosol and greenhouse gas changes

Shang-Ping Xie et al.

doi:10.1038/ngeo1931

Anthropogenic aerosols are highly spatially variable, whereas greenhouse gases are largely well-mixed at the global scale, but both affect climate. Nevertheless, climate simulations suggest that regional changes in sea surface temperature and precipitation to changes in greenhouse gas and aerosol forcings are similar.

Nature Climate Change: Reduced uncertainty in temperature projections using carbon cycle and climate observations

Roger W. Bodman et al.

doi:10.1038/nclimate1903

Accurately determining the warming associated with scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions remains an overarching aim of climate modelling. Research now shows that contemporary measurements significantly reduce uncertainty bounds and indicate that some more extreme warming predictions may be less likely.

Nature: The proportionality of global warming to cumulative carbon emissions

Matthews, H. D. et al.

doi:10.1038/nature08047

Climate sensitivity models may inaccurately characterize the full Earth system response, as they ignore changes in the carbon cycle, aerosols, land use and land cover. A combination of a simplified climate model, a range of simulations from a recent model intercomparison and historical constraints now show that, independent of the timing of emissions or the atmospheric concentration of CO2, emitting a trillion tonnes of carbon will cause global warming of 1.0 to 2.1 degrees Celsius.

Nature: Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2 °C

Meinshausen, M. et al.

doi:10.1038/nature08017

The politically defined threshold of dangerous climate change is an increase of 2 degrees Celsius in the mean global temperature. Simulations here show that when carbon dioxide and a full suite of positive and negative radiative forcings are considered, total emissions from 2000 to 2050 of about 1,400 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide yield a 50% probability of exceeding this threshold by the end of the twenty-first century. 'Business as usual' emissions will probably meet or exceed this 50% probability.

Nature: Warming caused by cumulative carbon emissions towards the trillionth tonne

Allen, M. R. et al.

doi:10.1038/nature08019

The politically defined threshold of dangerous climate change is an increase of 2 degrees Celsius in the mean global temperature. Simulations here show that when carbon dioxide and a full suite of positive and negative radiative forcings are considered, total emissions from 2000 to 2050 of about 1,400 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide yield a 50% probability of exceeding this threshold by the end of the twenty-first century. 'Business as usual' emissions will probably meet or exceed this 50% probability.

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Article

Nature Climate Change: 2020 emissions levels required to limit warming to below 2 °C

Joeri Rogelj et al.

doi:10.1038/nclimate1758

A substantial amount of atmospheric carbon taken up on land is transported laterally from upland terrestrial ecosystems to the ocean. A synthesis of the available literature suggests that human activities have significantly increased soil carbon inputs to inland waters, but have only slightly affected carbon delivery to the open ocean.


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