Climate change countdown
The countdown is on to reach a legally binding agreement between all nations on actions to mitigate climate change. In 2011, the United Nations Climate Change Conference agreed that such a deal will be in place by 2015, and implemented by 2020. In this joint web Focus, timed to coincide with the New York Climate Summit, Nature Geoscience and Nature Climate Change present a series of overview articles and opinion pieces that take stock of emissions and climate change uncertainties and discuss potential ways forward.
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Editorial
Nature Geoscience: Over to the diplomats -
doi:10.1038/ngeo2266
Guidance for mitigation action should come from the insights that global mean temperatures respond to cumulative carbon emissions and that there are risks beyond warming alone. Momentum for the negotiations requires a sense of opportunity.
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Perspectives
Nature Geoscience: Atmospheric circulation as a source of uncertainty in climate change projections -
Theodore G. Shepherd
doi:10.1038/ngeo2253
Scientific confidence in climate change effects is much higher for aspects related to global patterns of surface temperature, than for circulation. Circulation will remain hard to predict, necessitating a risk-based approach to decision making.
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Nature Climate Change: Sharing a quota on cumulative carbon emissions -
Michael R. Raupach, Steven J. Davis, Glen P. Peters, Robbie M. Andrew, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Pierre Friedlingstein, Frank Jotzo, Detlef P. van Vuuren & Corinne Le Quéré
doi:10.1038/nclimate2384
Future cumulative CO2 emissions consistent with a given warming limit are a finite common global resource that countries need to share — a carbon quota. Strategies to share a quota consistent with a 2 °C warming limit range from keeping the present distribution to reaching an equal per-capita distribution of cumulative emissions. This Perspective shows that a blend of these endpoints is the most viable solution.
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Review
Nature Geoscience: Persistent growth of CO2 emissions and implications for reaching climate targets -
P. Friedlingstein, R. M. Andrew, J. Rogelj, G. P. Peters, J. G. Canadell, R. Knutti, G. Luderer, M. R. Raupach, M. Schaeffer, D. P. van Vuuren, C. Le Quéré
doi:10.1038/ngeo2248
In order to limit climate warming, CO2 emissions must remain below fixed quota. An evaluation of past emissions suggests that at 2014 emissions rates, the total quota will probably be exhausted within the next 30 years.
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From the archives
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Letters
Nature Geoscience: Similar spatial patterns of climate responses to aerosol and greenhouse gas changes -
Shang-Ping Xie et al.
doi:10.1038/ngeo1931
Anthropogenic aerosols are highly spatially variable, whereas greenhouse gases are largely well-mixed at the global scale, but both affect climate. Nevertheless, climate simulations suggest that regional changes in sea surface temperature and precipitation to changes in greenhouse gas and aerosol forcings are similar.
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Nature Climate Change: Reduced uncertainty in temperature projections using carbon cycle and climate observations -
Roger W. Bodman et al.
doi:10.1038/nclimate1903
Accurately determining the warming associated with scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions remains an overarching aim of climate modelling. Research now shows that contemporary measurements significantly reduce uncertainty bounds and indicate that some more extreme warming predictions may be less likely.
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Nature: The proportionality of global warming to cumulative carbon emissions -
Matthews, H. D. et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08047
Climate sensitivity models may inaccurately characterize the full Earth system response, as they ignore changes in the carbon cycle, aerosols, land use and land cover. A combination of a simplified climate model, a range of simulations from a recent model intercomparison and historical constraints now show that, independent of the timing of emissions or the atmospheric concentration of CO2, emitting a trillion tonnes of carbon will cause global warming of 1.0 to 2.1 degrees Celsius.
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Nature: Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2 °C -
Meinshausen, M. et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08017
The politically defined threshold of dangerous climate change is an increase of 2 degrees Celsius in the mean global temperature. Simulations here show that when carbon dioxide and a full suite of positive and negative radiative forcings are considered, total emissions from 2000 to 2050 of about 1,400 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide yield a 50% probability of exceeding this threshold by the end of the twenty-first century. 'Business as usual' emissions will probably meet or exceed this 50% probability.
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Nature: Warming caused by cumulative carbon emissions towards the trillionth tonne -
Allen, M. R. et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08019
The politically defined threshold of dangerous climate change is an increase of 2 degrees Celsius in the mean global temperature. Simulations here show that when carbon dioxide and a full suite of positive and negative radiative forcings are considered, total emissions from 2000 to 2050 of about 1,400 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide yield a 50% probability of exceeding this threshold by the end of the twenty-first century. 'Business as usual' emissions will probably meet or exceed this 50% probability.
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Article
Nature Climate Change: 2020 emissions levels required to limit warming to below 2 °C -
Joeri Rogelj et al.
doi:10.1038/nclimate1758
A substantial amount of atmospheric carbon taken up on land is transported laterally from upland terrestrial ecosystems to the ocean. A synthesis of the available literature suggests that human activities have significantly increased soil carbon inputs to inland waters, but have only slightly affected carbon delivery to the open ocean.
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