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Diagnosing cancer in the early stages can make an important difference in the patient’s treatment and prognosis. The development of minimally-invasive tests, identification of population subgroups at risk [CM1] , and refinement of diagnostic procedures, can all contribute to improving public health policies for the early diagnosis of cancer. This Collection welcomes research into the effectiveness and implementation of cancer screening programmes, and studies on how existing knowledge can be translated into more effective screening strategies.