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A clearer understanding of the biological underpinnings of cancer origins might help us design more effective cancer prevention methods or improve early detection of tumours that are likely to become malignant. Furthermore, delineating the cell of origin of a specific tumour and the evolutionary changes that underlie its development should also improve our ability to effectively treat that tumour. All of these goals will be aided by increased knowledge of the early pre-neoplastic changes in cells that have the capacity to become tumorigenic, determining the cells of origin of different cancer types, and understanding the interactions of pre-neoplastic or tumour cells with each other as well as with the supporting microenvironment. This series of articles takes a look at recent progress in the diverse fields that have provided insights into this intriguing problem in cancer biology.
This Review discusses the origins of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), with a focus on skin, lung, oesophageal and head and neck cancer, and describes how oncogenic mutations and the cell of origin cooperate in determining the rise of SCC.
Field cancerization underlies the development of many types of cancer. This Review examines the biological mechanisms that drive the evolution of cancerized fields and discusses how measuring field evolution could improve cancer risk prediction in patients with pre-malignant disease.
Metaplasia, the replacement of one differentiated somatic cell type with another in the same tissue, is a precursor to dysplasia and eventually carcinoma. There are shared principles across different types of tissue metaplasia that may be helpful in clinical considerations.
In this Opinion article, Schneideret al. outline tissue- and cell type-specific differences in tumorigenesis and the organization of oncogenic signalling pathways, and discuss the implications of our understanding of tissue context on molecularly targeted therapy and clinical trial design.
Ovarian cancer comprises a broad range of histologically and genetically different tumours. In this Opinion article, Karneziset al. explore the different origins of ovarian cancers and how these contribute to our understanding of genetic and environmental risk to better prevent and treat these tumours.
This Review proposes evolutionary models of tumour progression for melanomas on sun-exposed skin by integrating genetic, epidemiological, clinical and histopathological information.
Somatic genetic mosaicism has been demonstrated in many tissues, leading to interactions between functionally diverse cell populations that could contribute to homeostasis ('clonal health') or influence disease states. These authors argue that embryonic somatic mosaicism can contribute to adult cancers.
Liver tumorigenesis is complex and depends on the cellular origin of a tumour as well as on environmental influences. This Review discusses the origins of various primary liver cancers, integrating our current understanding of cells of origin, liver tumour genomics and the disrupted hepatic microenvironment.
Aberrations in gene expression due to an altered epigenotype that is widely distributed in normal tissues are referred to as constitutional epimutations. This Opinion article discusses the potential contribution of constitutional epimutations to the 'missing' causality and heritability of cancer.
This Opinion describes the early interactions between immune cells and pre-neoplastic cells observed in translucent zebrafish andDrosophila melanogastermodels, and speculates on their potential implications in human cancer.
In this Opinion article, Brocket al. analyse how intrinsic variability in gene expression in proliferating cells, as well as microenvironmental signals, can drive cells to transform into a neoplastic state or revert to a normalized state.
Although most cancers exhibit some degree of intratumour heterogeneity, we are far from understanding the dynamics that operate among subclonal populations within tumours. This Review discusses the growing evidence that cooperative behaviour of tumour subclones can influence disease progression.