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Epidemiological data collection plays a crucial role in advancing public health research and guiding evidence-based interventions. These datasets serve as foundational resources for studying disease patterns, risk factors, and health outcomes across populations, species, and environments. This Collection presents a series of articles describing epidemiological datasets spanning diverse populations, ecosystems, and disease contexts. Data are presented without hypotheses or significant analyses, and can be derived from population surveys, health registries, electronic health records, field sampling, or other sources. All described datasets are assessed to ensure their open availability (where possible) or secure access controls (where required) via Scientific Data’s editorial and peer review processes.