Introduction

Courtship behaviour is quite frequent among in extant insects1,2. In odonates, the male must persuade the female to mate in tandem and the female should be willing to engage her genitalia with the male’s3. But in some situations, the male calopterygid damselfly may force the female copulations4. Many territorial odonatans display their courtship by high-frequency wing-beats towards an approaching female5,6. Most courtship, mating and parenting (social-sexual) behaviour cannot be preserved and fossil reports are few and ambiguous7. Some cases of insect mating behaviour are better preserved in amber compared with rare records in sedimentary rocks8,9,10. Also brood care behaviour has been recorded in fossil insects11,12,13. However, direct evidence of courtship behaviour in fossils is extremely rare: male mecopterans have exaggerated body parts used for sexual display14 and the male Karataus Rasnitsyn15 (Middle Jurassic, Hymenoptera) has swollen hind femora used for courtship display or to assist attachment to the female15,16. The male Strashilidae (Middle Jurassic, Diptera) have swollen hind tibiae and femora probably for a similar function17. The bug Gyaclavator kohlsi (Eocene, Heteroptera) has the antennae with dilated distiflagellomere probably used for competition and attraction behavior18. The absence of a tangible fossil record, however, limits our understanding of the origin and evolution of courtship behaviour in dragonflies19.

Here we describe a new damselfly with expanded tibiae uniquely probably used for courtship from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. The damselfly is attributed to the recent family Platycnemididae. The specimens described herein were collected in the Hukawng Valley of Kachin Province, Myanmar (locality in Kania et al.20: Fig. 1). The age of the Burmese amber matrix was radiometrically dated at 98.79 ± 0.62 Ma (earliest Cenomanian) based on U–Pb zircon dating of the volcanoclastic matrix21. The insect inclusions in Burmese amber have been studied for about a century20,21,22, but only a few odonatans have been recorded, all in the present decade23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31. The new find reveals ancient courtship, insect interaction and sexual selection from as far back as the mid-Cretaceous.

Figure 1: Yijenplatycnemis huangi gen. et sp. nov.
figure 1

Holotype (NIGP164757); photograph (A) and line drawing (B) of specimen (drawn by DZ). Paratype (BA16200); dorsal view (C) and anterior view (D) of specimen.

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Results

Systematic palaeontology

Order Odonata Fabricius, 1793

Suborder Zygoptera Selys-Longchamps, 1854

Superfamily Coenagrionoidea Kirby, 1890

Family Platycnemididae Yakobson & Bianchi, 1905

Subfamily Palaeodisparoneurinae Poinar et al.9

Yijenplatycnemis huangi gen. et sp. nov

(Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5).

Figure 2: Yijenplatycnemis huangi gen. et sp. nov.
figure 2

(A–F) Holotype (NIGP164757); (G–I) paratype (BA16200). Photograph of head (A); thorax (B); hindwing (C); foreleg (D); midleg (E); hindleg (F); left forewing and hindwing (G); left forewing base (H); hindwing apex (I).

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Figure 3: Yijenplatycnemis huangi gen. et sp. nov.
figure 3

Paratype (SMNS Bu-137); Photograph of specimen (A), right forewing base (B) and left forewing apex (C).

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Figure 4: Yijenplatycnemis huangi gen. et sp. nov.
figure 4

Paratype (BA16200); line drawing showing venation of left forewing (A) and hindwing (B) (drawn by DZ). Abbreviations: AA, anterior anal; Arc, arculus; Ax, primary antenodal crossvein; Cr, nodal crossvein; CuA, cubitus anterior; CuP, cubitus posterior; DC, discoidal cell; IR, intercalary radial vein; MA, median anterior; MP, median posterior; N, nodus; Pt, pterostigma; RA, radius anterior; RP, radius posterior; ScP, subcosta posterior; Sn, subnodal crossvein.

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Figure 5
figure 5

Reconstruction showing the courtship behaviour of huangi gen. et sp. nov. from the mid-Cretaceous tropical forest in Burma (drawn by DZ).

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Etymology

The generic name is after Mr Huang Yijen, the donator of the type specimen, and the typical genus Platycnemis. The specific name is after Mr. Huang Yijen. Gender masculine.

Holotype

NIGP164757, head, thorax and abdomen base well preserved, forewing bases attached to thorax, one fragmentary hindwing near legs, all legs except for right hindleg well preserved; deposited in NIGPAS.

Paratype

BA16200, head missing, thorax and abdominal basal segments present, left forewing and hindwing complete, right wing bases badly preserved, only forelegs and midlegs present; temporarily housed at NIGPAS and will eventually be deposited in the Lingpoge Amber Museum in Shanghai. SMNS Bu-137, two forewings well preserved and attached to thorax, a fragmentary leg present; housed at State Museum of Natural History in Stuttgart (Germany).

Locality and Horizon

Hukawng Valley, Kachin Province, Myanmar; lowermost Cenomanian, lowermost Upper Cretaceous.

Diagnosis

Very small damselfly, complete wing length about 11–14 mm; DC closed and quadrangular with MAb perpendicular to MAa; five postnodal and five postsubnodal crossveins present, somewhat aligned; only one postnodal crossvein present distal of Pt; midfork slightly basal of N; RP1 with strong angle below very long pterostigmal brace; area between RA and RP1 greatly widened distal of Pt; IR2 aligned with Sn; IR1 short, originating below Pt; MA long, ending on posterior wing margin below base of RP2; MP short, one or two cells long; CuA reduced to oblique vein; Pt very small, less than half length of surrounding cells; all tibiae spectacularly expanded, covered with two brown bands, in pod-like sclerite except on metatibiae where of semi-circular shape.

Description

Specimen NIGP164757 (Figs 1A and 2A–F), body well preserved. Head dark (Fig. 2A), 2.74 mm long and 0.97 mm wide; eyes 0.89 mm wide, well separated by gap of 0.79 mm; ocelli located low between eyes; antenna three segmented, with segment 1 short and stout, segment 2 stout and 0.75 mm long, segment 3 slim and 0.76 mm long. Legs well developed, profemur 4.11 mm long and armed with long spines in basal part, protibia 2.66 mm long and 0.61 mm wide (Fig. 2D), tarsus 0.62 mm long (claws excluded); mesofemur 5.03 mm long, mesotibia 3.06 mm long and maximum 0.81 mm wide, tarsus 0.74 mm long (Fig. 2E); metafemur 9.02 mm long, metatibia 6.63 mm long and maximum 2.96 mm wide, tarsus 0.91 mm long (Fig. 2F); paired long spines present on tibia and tarsi; tibia armed with about ten pairs of spines; tarsi slightly curved, three segmented, with length of third tarsomere equal to first two tarsomeres combined; basal tarsomere armed with two pairs of long spines, second and third tarsomere armed with four pairs of spines; apical claws symmetrical, 0.12–0.16 mm long.

Specimen BA16200 (Figs 1C–D and 2G–I), left hindwing complete. Wing length 14.07 mm, width at level of N 1.42 mm; length from wing base to Arc 2.24 mm, from Arc to N 2.03 mm, from N to Pt 8.33 mm, from Pt to wing apex 1.45 mm. Primary antenodal crossveins present (Fig. 2H), Ax0 close to wing base, Ax1 1.29 mm distal of Ax0, Ax2 0.64 mm distal of Ax1; no secondary antenodal and antesubnodal crossveins present. Five postnodal and five postsubnodal crossveins present before Pt, somewhat aligned. One postnodal and one postsubnodal crossvein present distal of Pt, non-aligned (Fig. 2I). Arc angular and aligned with Ax2. DC basally closed, free and rectangular, 0.8 mm long and 0.18 mm wide. Subdiscoidal cell free and elongate, 0.81 mm long and 0.2 mm wide. Nodal structures well preserved, Sn aligned with Cr. Midfork (base of RP3/4) slightly basal of N; RP3/4 curved, reaching posterior wing margin just below base of Pt brace. Base of IR2 aligned with Sn, one cell and 0.93 mm distal of midfork; IR2 basally straight but distally zigzagged, ending on posterior wing margin just below Pt. RP2 originating three cells distal of Sn, equidistant between N and Pt, lying 3.6 mm distal of Sn. IR1 originating below end of Pt and six cells distal of base of RP2. RP1 with strong angle below pterostigmal brace. MA basally slightly curved but distally zigzagged, reaching posterior wing margin just below base of RP2. MP curved and short, covering two cells. CuA short, reduced to oblique vein. Pt quite small, rectangular and hyaline, 0.47 mm long and 0.22 mm wide.

Specimen SMNS Bu-137 (Fig. 3) shares all wing characters of specimen BA16200 (Fig. 4) besides following differences: wing short and 11.5 mm long; MP one or two cells long; IR1 originated below Pt base, and five cells distal base of RP2.

Remarks

Y. huangi has a short vein IR1 originating below the distal side of the pterostigma which is only present in a few damselflies, viz. the platycnemidid Palaeodisparoneura burmanica Poinar, Bechly and Buckley, 2010, the hemiphlebiid Burmahemiphlebia zhangi Zheng et al.27, the dysagrionid Burmadysagrion zhangi Zheng, Wang and Nel, 2016, and the recent perilestid genus Perilestes Hagen in Selys-Longchamps, 1862. Perilestes species have the base of RP3/4 and IR2 distal of the nodus, differentiating them from Y. huangi29. Burmadysagrion zhangi has a unique discoidal cell (anterior and posterior sides not parallel, and the basal side longer than the distal side), long MP and CuA, star-shaped Pt, and can thus be easily distinguished from Y. huangi30. Y. huangi has a rectangular discoidal cell, short CuA, RP1 with strong angle below Pt base as in both P. burmanica and Burmahemiphlebia zhangi23,30, but differs from the latter two in having only one postnodal crossvein distal of Pt, a smaller Pt, and expanded male tibiae. However, Burmahemiphlebia zhangi has a basally open discoidal cell in the forewing, closed in the hindwing, quite different from Y. huangi, while P. burmanica has a closed discoidal cell more like Y. huangi.

Very few modern male damselflies have expanded tibia, namely Platycypha Fraser, 1949 (Chlorocyphidae), Platycnemis Burmeister, 1839, Proplatycnemis Kennedy, 1920, Copera Kirby, 1890, Matticnemis Dijkstra, 2013 (tibiae weakly expanded) and Pseudocopera Fraser, 1922 (Platycnemidae: Platycnemidinae)32. Affinities of Y. huangi with Chlorocyphidae are excluded because of the different wing venation (numerous antenodals, long CuA, no angular RP1 in Chlorocyphidae)33.

The wing venation of Y. huangi is very similar to that of the fossil platycnemid P. burmanica. Platycnemididae, called white-legged damselflies, currently consist of over 400 species, widely distributed in the Old World34,35,36. They are currently divided into six modern subfamilies35 plus the Cretaceous Palaeodisparoneurinae Poinar et al.9. Despite the fact that the type specimen of P. burmanica is a male without expanded tibiae, Y. huangi has all the characters listed in the diagnosis of this subfamily23. On the other hand, Y. huangi strongly differs from modern Platycnemidinae in the very short veins IR1, MP and CuA (apomorphies of Palaeodisparoneurinae), and the broad area between RP1 and IR2. Here we establish a new genus for Y. huangi and place it in the Palaeodisparoneurinae. This attribution implies a convergent evolution in the expanded tibiae between Y. huangi and modern Platycnemidinae.

Discussion

Expanded legs are not common in male insects and are normally used for courtship. Some extant male nomiine bees have expanded tibiae using for clasping the females in case of separation during courtship37,38. Within recent damselflies, male Platycypha and Platycnemis species have expanded tibiae used for courtship displays39. Platycypha has all six tibiae expanded, but not as much as Y. huangi. Male P. lacustris Förster, 1914 has the most expanded tibia within Platycypha species, with the outer dilation of hind tibiae 3–5 times wider than the shaft40,41. This small size does not approach Y. huangi. Also, Platycypha normally has a different coloration of the inner and outer sides of the tibiae for different functions42, unlike Y. huangi which has hyaline tibiae and similar pigmented colour on both sides. Male Platycnemis are characterized by feather-like tibiae and wide mid and hind tibiae. Besides the Japanese endemic P. echigoana Asahina, 1955, all Platycnemis species have more or less broadened, flattened and symmetrical tibiae in the middle and hind legs43,44. Platycnemis phasmovolans Hämäläinen 2003 has the most expanded tibiae among modern Platycnemididae, 5.5 mm long and 2 mm broad at the widest point in the hindleg44. However, this tibial size is smaller than that of Y. huangi, which is 6.6 mm long and 3 mm wide. Unlike Platycypha and Platycnemis, the tibiae of Y. huangi are hyaline, partly covered with two narrow brown bands, and asymmetric with a pod-like shape, especially the hind tibiae which are semi-circular in shape. However, male Platycnemis have more expanded tibiae, suggesting closer similarities in the sexual behaviour with Y. huangi.

During courtship, male Platycypha caligata Selys-Longchamps 1853 waves the white anterior surface of all six laterally enlarged tibiae at the females, but uses the posterior surface of the tibiae for intra-sexual signaling during territorial defence42,45,46,47,48. Similarly, male East Asian Platycnemis species with expanded, feather-like tibiae49 well differentiated from the females, exhibit a strong sexual dimorphism50. The males display their white legs in a fluttering flight in front of females before mating39,44,50. By morphological inference, the six extremely expanded tibiae of Y. huangi could also have a signaling function for courtship displays. Platycypha has all six tibiae expanded, but all less so than Y. huangi in size. Platycnemis has more expanded mid and hind tibiae, but is still smaller than Y. huangi. These more expanded fossil tibiae suggest an extreme adaptation for courtship behaviour. More importantly, unlike Platycypha and Platycnemis, the tibiae of Y. huangi are asymmetric and pod-shaped, especially the hindleg tibia with a semi-circular outline. This pod-like shape would make waving slower due to air resistance. Y. huangi waving its giant pod-like tibiae would make males more easily noticed and attract female attention (Fig. 5), increasing mating opportunities and implying sexual selection.

The tibial shape of Y. huangi also resembles the wings of some members of the extinct neuropteran families Kalligrammatidae and Saucrosmylidae (lacewings). The hindleg tibia of Y. huangi have a semi-circular shape, almost the same as the hindwings of the Jurassic saucrosmylid Daohugosmylus castus Liu et al.51. The fore and mid tibiae are also like the wings of some Cretaceous lacewings of Palaeoleontidae Martins-Neto, 199252,53. Furthermore, the tibiae of Y. huangi are hyaline and partly covered with two narrow brown bands, making them even more like pigmented wings. In addition, there is an eye-shaped spot in the middle of the hindleg, quite like the wing spots in Kalligrammatidae and some recent butterfly eyespots. These well-developed eyespots were and are used to make a conspicuous and contrasting display to intimidate vertebrate predators or protect the body by deflecting an attack to the wings54,55,56. Deflective eyespots in butterflies and fossil lacewings are smaller than deimatic ones and both are never on the legs, but dragonflies are predators with good eyesight, and the tiny ones in Y. huangi may have less to do with paralleling fossil lacewings in deflecting nearby predators and more to do with raising the interest of females (cf. peacock eyespots57). Some recent damselflies, such as male Calopteryx hamorrhoidalis, with higher wing pigmentation, are more likely to defend their territories and obtain more matings58. That none of the pigmented tibiae in Y. huangi are damaged, however, suggests they did not precipitate an aggressive response.

Our new fossil indicates that the Platycnemis-type of courtship behaviour originated at least 100 million years ago. The exaggerated tibiae probably also made them fly slowly. They probably found it less easy to escape from new predators (small birds more efficient than pterosaurs), thus adding more risk in their fancy flight.

Methods

Photographs were taken using a Zeiss Stereo Discovery V16 microscope system with Zen software. In most instances, incident and transmitted light were used simultaneously. All images are digitally stacked photomicrographic composites of approximately 40 individual focal planes obtained using the free software Combine ZP for a better illustration of the 3D structures. The line drawings were prepared from photographs using image-editing software (CorelDraw X7 and Adobe Photoshop CS6). Specimen NIGP164757 is housed at the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NIGPAS). Specimen BA16200 is currently in NIGAPS but will be finally deposited in the Lingpoge Amber Museum in Shanghai (China). Specimen SMNS Bu-137 is housed at State Museum of Natural History in Stuttgart (Germany).

The nomenclature of the dragonfly wing venation used in this paper is based on the interpretations of Riek59 and Riek & Kukalová-Peck60, as modified by Nel et al.61 and Bechly62. The higher classification of fossil and extant Odonatoptera, as well as family and generic characters followed in the present work, are based on the phylogenetic system proposed by Bechly62 and Dijkstra et al.63 for the phylogeny of extant Zygoptera.

Additional Information

How to cite this article: Zheng, D. et al. Extreme adaptations for probable visual courtship behaviour in a Cretaceous dancing damselfly. Sci. Rep. 7, 44932; doi: 10.1038/srep44932 (2017).

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