Exact research on the theory of the blackbody thermal radiation

After studying the normalized Planck equation in depth, a brand-new type of spectrum curves of blackbody thermal radiation is given. Two important parameters of the new type curves, namely relative width RWη and symmetric factor RSFη, are defined. The paper points out that the experimental verification of the parameters has three significant applications: (1) Giving a method to measure temperature by detecting the radiation wavelength. (2) Determining the blackbody grade. (3) The temperature obtained from the law of the blackbody thermal radiation can be used as a criterion.

where C 1 = 3.7415 × 10 −4 W·μ m 2 , C 2 = 1.4388 × 10 −4 μ m 2 ·K. e b (λ , T) is the monochromatic radiant emittance of the blackbody at the temperature T(K) and radiation wavelength λ (μ m). For a given temperature, the e b (λ , T) and wavelength λ are related by the traditional spectrum curve of the blackbody thermal radiation 5 , as shown in Fig. 1. When the first derivative of function e b (λ, T) with respect to λ is equal to 0, the relationship of the temperature with the peak wavelength λ m of the curves in Fig. 1 results, which is the famous Wien displacement law 6 λ = .
µ ⋅ T 2897 8268 m K (2) m Under the development of the remote sensing 7 , night vision 8 , and thermal radiation thermometry technology 9 , many further studies on the blackbody thermal radiation have been carried out. For examples, by studying the inflection point feature along the both sides of the curves in Fig. 1, the lightwave equation of the inflection point was obtained as where the normalization coefficient η is defined by the following equation When η trends to zero, the variation of x or λ in Eq. (8) with temperature T was studied in reference 11. For η equal to 10 −6 , the conclusion of the reference is that the domain of the wavelength λ is between 88 and 1051(μ m), when temperature between 200 and 6000(K). Based on these studies above, the relationships between λ and η are investigated in this paper. And from the obtained relationships in this paper, a brand-new type of spectrum curves of the blackbody thermal radiation results, which is much clearer than that was. Then the relative width and symmetric factor of the spectrum curves are defined. Finally, a wavelength thermometry is presented, and the significant applications of the results obtained in this paper are shown as well.

Results
Normalized spectrum curve of the blackbody thermal radiation. For different values of η , Eq. (6) is a series of transcendental equations without analytical solutions, thus a brand-new normalized spectrum curve of the blackbody thermal radiation can be obtained from their numerical solutions. In order to numerically solve (6), it is necessary to determine its roots distribution. Programming to find out the roots of Eq. (6), Fig. 2 shows that, for a given η , the curve has two intersection points with the x-axis, which indicates that the transcendental Eq. (6) has two roots, denoted as x ηs and x ηl (x ηl < x ηs ). In accordance with Eq. (8), the two roots of x ηs and x ηl can lead to the wavelengths of λ ηs and λ ηl , respectively, which locate on the left and right side of the spectrum curve with the corresponding value of η .
Programming to numerically solve (6), the relationship of η with its corresponding x ηs and x ηl results, as shown in Table 1. If necessary, any magnitude of x ηs or x ηl can be obtained by solving (6) based on the different value of η . RW ηt and RSF ηt in Table 1 are the theoretical results of the relative width and symmetric factor of the spectrum curves obtained from Eqs (14) and (15).   Table 1 can lead to a brand-new type of spectrum curves of the blackbody thermal radiation, as shown in Fig. 3.
For a given Kelvin temperature T and under the condition of η equal to 1 in Table 1, the substitution of the x m into (11) can lead to the same peak wavelength λ m of Eq. (2). The short wave edge λ ηs and long wave edge λ ηl , sitting on the both sides of the curve's peak, can be obtained from Eqs. (9) and (10), then the relationship at this temperature of η with λ results. For example, when T = 1000 K, substituting any values of x ηs and x ηl , which correspond to a certain value of η in Table 1, into Eqs (9) and (10) can obtain the values of λ ηs and λ ηl in Table 2. Then, using Table 2 can yield the η -λ curve 4 in Fig. 3(a). Similarly, other η -λ curves in Fig. 3 at different temperature can be obtained as well, which are the normalized spectrum curve of the blackbody thermal radiation presented in this paper. It should be noted that it will spend considerable software resources and time to solve Eq. (6), using the unknown of η in Table 1 to get a curve. Therefore, the data in Table 1 is already enough to be used in general conditions, and may also be used as a manual text to plot the other spectrum curves. In addition, the monochromatic radiant emittance of λ ηs and λ ηl at any temperature can be obtained from the right side of Eq. (7), when necessary.  On the other hand, substituting the wavelength of Eqs (9) to (11) into (12) and (13) respectively, RW η and RSF η can be theoretically defined as follows The RW ηt and RSF ηt of Table 1 are the theoretical results produced from (14) and (15), with the corresponding x ηs , x ηl , and x m . Obviously, RW ηe and RSF ηe are closely associated with η . But it is usually more concerned with RW 0.5e and RSF 0.5e , i.e., η = 0.5.
For any of the RW η or RSF η , the Eqs (12) and (13) are the experimental results, and Eqs (14) and (15) are the theoretical. Thus, if the experiment systems are reliable and the experimental results are consistent with the theoretical values, it will prove that the object tested in the experiment is a blackbody. In addition, the following equations can be derived from Eqs (9)  The Eqs (16) to (18) show that the true temperature of the tested object can be detected by measuring the wavelength of λ ηs , λ ηl , and λ m , namely, which provides a thermometry based on the measurement of the radiation wavelength.

Discussion
Only the local spectrum characteristics of the blackbody thermal radiation have been studied in refs 6, 10, and 11 based on the traditional spectrum curve. In this paper, its global characteristics are studied based on the brand-new type of spectrum curves of blackbody thermal radiation as shown in Fig. 3. The results obtained in this paper have three important significances.
First, it provides a novel method to verify blackbody and its grade. From the Eqs (12) to (15)  Then, using a and b can give an exact definition to the blackbody. When a and b are both equal to 1, it represents an ideal blackbody. When a and b are very close to 1, such as 0.9, 0.99, 0.999 and so on, it can define different grades of the actual blackbody.
Second, using an actual high-level blackbody as the experimental subject and applying a high-precision spectrometer to detect the radiation wavelength, it can be seen from Eqs (16) to (18) that, at a constant temperature, the actual temperature of a blackbody can be determined by measuring three wavelength values: the peak wavelength and two wavelengths corresponding to a suitable η . Therefore, the temperatures calculated from the three wavelengths have a cross-calibration function, which can fully verify the credibility of the measured temperature. As long as the errors between them are small enough, the temperature obtained from Eqs (16) to (18) can be used as a criterion. Table 1, Fig. 3 and these two points above are the most important conclusions of this paper, which are enlightening and helpful for further researches on the blackbody thermal radiation. Unfortunately, there are no equipments for authors to do relevant experiments. So we can only provide the theoretical results here to share with readers.
Finally, based on the researches available on the blackbody thermal radiation, it must be noted for the earth's thermal radiation that the microwave, which has been detected by the passive microwave remote sensing technology 12 , cannot be predicted by Planck's law in Eq. (1), even at the nearly lowest temperature of the Earth's surface 11 . To solve this problem for describing the characteristics of the gray body thermal radiation, authors believe, it maybe go one step further and deeply study Kirchhoff 's law 13 , and that will be our next research topic.